UC-NRLF 


Hand  Book 

for  Architects 
Engineers  and 
Superintendents 

Bridgeport  Brass  Co 
Bridgeport-  CoruvU'SA 


I 

CO 


FROM  -THE-  LI  BRARY-  OF 
•WILLIAM -A  HIILEBRAND 


Hand  Book 

for  Architects 
Engineers  and 
Superintendents 

With  Conveniently  Arranged 
Tables  and  Prices  for 

Seamless 

Brass  and  Copper 

Tubi  ng 


MARK 


Copyright      1913,      by      the 

Bridgeport  Brass  Company 

Bridgeport,    Connecticut 


B  r  i  d^£  e  *p  o  r  t  ^B_y  &  $  e   -C  p  m  p  a  n  y 


;  Index: 

Administration  Bldg.,  View  of  18 

Admiralty  Mixture  and  Brass  Condenser  Tubes, 

Prices  for  36 

Aluminum  Bronze  Rods,  etc 24 

American  or  B.  &  S.  Gauge  in  Decimals  of  Inch  59 

Annealing  and  Pickling  15,  17 

Areas  of  Circles  for  Diameters  in  Inches  and 

Fractions    of    Inches    from    1/64    to    63/64 

Inches  68-71 

Areas  of  Circles  for  Diameters  in  Inches  and 

Decimals  of  Inches  0.1  to  10.0  Inches 74,  75 

Areas  and  Circumferences  of  Circles  76-86 

Areas,  Transverse,  of  Iron  Pipe  Sizes  38 

Areas  of  Regular  Polygons  75 

Areas,  Rule  for  Calculating  87 

Automobile  Wind  Shields  24 

Bessemer  Tubes,  Collapsing  Pressure  of  49 

Brass,   Copper   and   German   Silver   Sheets   24 

Brass  and  Copper  Rods,  Round,  Square  or 

Rectangular  24 

Brass  and  Copper  Tube,  Rod  and  Rolling  Mill 

( Illu  stration  )  10,  1 6 

Brass  and  Copper  Tubing,  Method  of  Manu- 
facturing   13,  21 

Brass  Seamless  Tubes,  Iron  Pipe  Sizes,  Prices 

for 37 

Brass  Seamless  Tubes,  Stub's  Gauge,  Prices 

for 34,  35 

Brass  and  Copper  Tubing,  Rules  and  Regula- 
tions for  use  of  53,  54 

Brass  Seamless  Tubes,  Stub's  Gauge,  Weight 

per  foot  26-29 

Brass  Seamless  Tubes,  American  or  B.  &  S. 

Gauge,  Weight  per  foot  30-33 

Brass  Seamless  Tubes,  Formula  for  Calculating 

Collapsing  Pressure  of  49 

Brass  Seamless  Tubes,  Weight,  Specific  Gravity 

and  Tensile  Strength  of  49 

Brass  Seamless  Tubes,  Rules  for  Use  Prescribed 
by  Board  of  Supervising  Inspectors  of 
Steamboats  53>  54 

Bridgeport  Products,  List  of  a  Few  Other 

Bridgeport  Brass  Co.'s  Factory  in  1865,  Re- 
print from  Wood  Cut  of  ...  I1 

Bronze   Rods    •     *~ 

Bronze  Tubing,  Prices  for  

Capacities  of  Rectangular  Tanks,  figured  in 

U.  S.  gallons  for  each  foot  in  depth  72 


n 


Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


Cast  Shell  Process  for  Manufacturing  Tubing 15 

Chemical    Laboratory    (Illustration)    19 

Circumference,    Rule    for    Finding    87 

Circumferences  and  Areas  of  Circles  76-86 

Circles,  Areas  of 68-71,  76-86 

Circles,  Circumferences   and   Areas   of  76-86 

Clark's  Diagram  of  Velocities  of  Water  66,  67 

Colors  to  be  Used  on  Valves,  Flanges  and   Fit- 
tings          52 

Collapsing    Pressure    of    Tubing,    Formula     for 

Calculating     49 

Cone   or   Pyramid,   Mensuration    of   86 

Condenser  Tubes,   Prices   for  36,   96 

Copper  and  Brass  Rods,  Round,  Square  or  Rec- 
tangular          24 

Copper  Seamless  Tubing,  Prices  for  35 

Copper  Seamless  Tubes,  Rules  for   Use  of,  Pre- 
scribed  by  Board  of  Supervising  Inspectors 

of   Steam  boats   53,   54 

Copper    Seamless    Tubes,    Stub's    Gauge,   Weight 

per    foot    40-43 

Copper    Seamless   Tubes,    American   or   B.    &    S. 

Gauge,   Weight  per   foot   44-47 

Copper  Seamless  Tubes,  Formula  for  Determin- 
ing Proper  Thickness   for  49,  96 

Copper   Seamless  Tubes,   Weight,  Specific  Grav- 
ity and  Tensile  Strength 49 

Corrosion  of  Condenser  Tubes,  Cause  of  88-95 

Cupping  Process  for  Manufacturing  Tubing 13 

Cutting  to  Exact  Length,  Additional  Prices  for...     37 
Cylinder,   Mensuration   of   86 

Data   Required   to   Insure   Prompt   Execution   of 

Orders    22 

D'Arcy's  Formula  for  Flow  of  Water 64 

Decimal    Equivalents,    Fractions    of    Inches,    Re- 
duced  to    55 

De-zincification,  Bridgeport  Tubes  Less  Suscept- 
ible   than    Others    17 

Decagon,    Area,    etc.,    of    75 

Diameter,    Rule    for    Finding    87 

Dodecagon,  Area,  etc.,  of  75 

Drums,  Copper  or  Brass,  Rules  for  Use  of  53 

Engine  Room,  Corner  of  (Illustration)   v 23 

Equal   Square,   Rule  for  Finding  Side  of  87 

Equivalents,   Fractions  of   Inch  in  Decimals 55 

Equivalents    of    Fractions    of    Millimeters,    and 

Millimeters,  in  Decimals  of  Inches  56-58 

Equivalents,   Pounds   and   Kilograms   60,   73 

Equivalents,    Metric   60,    61,    73 

Exact  Methods  of  Manufacture  19,  20,  21 


995882 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 

Extrusion  Process  for  Manufacturing  Tubing 15 

Experience  Essential  to   the   Proper  Practice  of 

the    Art    of    Tubemaking    11 

Fittings,  Distinguishing  Colors  to  be  Used  on „     52 

Flanges,  Distinguishing  Colors  to  be  Used  for.....     52 
Flow  of  Water  in  Circular  Pipe  per  Cubic  Foot 

per  Second  Q\. 

Flanges,     Schedule     of,     Standard     aaid      Extra 

Heavy    50,    51 

Flanging    of    Copper    Tubes,    Regulations     Pre- 
scribed  by  Board  of  Supervising  Inspectors 

of    Steam  boats    53 

Formula    for    Determining    Proper   Thickness    of 

Copper    Pipes    49 

Formula   for  Calculating  Collapsing   Pressures 49 

Frustum,   Mensuration   of 86 

Friction   Loss   at   Different   Velocities   of    Water 

in   Pipes    (Chart)    66,   67 

Furnaces   for   Annealing,  Special   17 

Gauges,  Various,  Tables  Showing  Differences 59 

Gallons,    Conversion    Tables 54 

German    Silver,    Sheet-Metal    and    Manufactured 

Goods     24 

Gilding  Tubing,  Prices  for  35 

Guarantee    21,  96 

Head     in     Feet     of     Water,     Corresponding     to 
Pressure    in    Pounds    per    Square    Inch    at 

62°    F ; 62 

Heat  Treatment   1 7 

Heptagon,   Area,   etc.,    of   75 

Hexagon,    rules    for    Finding    Area    of   75,  87 

House    Service    Pipes,    Quantity    of    Water    Dis- 
charged   from    65 

Identification    of    Power    House    Piping,    Report 

of   Committee   on   52 

Inches,      Fractions     of,      Reduced     to     Decimal 

Equivalents 55 

Inspection,  Tubes  Stacked  for   (Illustration)   14 

Inspection    and    test    21 

Inscribed  Square,  Rule  for  Finding  Side  of 87 

Inspectors  of  Steam  Vessels,  Report  on  the  Use 

of  Seamless  Brass  and  Copper  Tubes 53,  54 

Iron   Pipe   Sizes,   Prices    for   :.". 22,     37 

Iron  Pipe  Sizes,  Regular  and  Extra  Heavy, 
Weights,  Circumference  and  Transverse 
Areas  of  38 

Kilograms,   Equivalents   in    Pounds 


Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


Laboratories,     Chemical,      Physical     and      Meta- 

lurgical    (Illustrations)    i 19,   20,  21 

Lacquering  Seamless  Tubes,  Prices  for  39 

Lengths,  Additional  Price  for  Cutting  to  Exact...  37 

List  of  a  Few  Other  Bridgeport  Products 24 

London  Gauge,  Equivalents  in  Decimals  of  Inch...  59 

Low    Brass   Tubing,    Prices    for   35 

Manganese   Bronze   Rods,   etc 24 

Mannesmann  Process   for  Manufacturing  Tubing  15 

Manufacturing  Specialties  on  Order  24 

Mensuration  of  Cylinders,  Cones,  etc.,  Formulas 

for     86 

Methods   of   Manufacturing   "Bridgeport"    Seam- 
less Brass  and  Copper  Tubing  13-21 

Metric  Equivalents  in  English  Weights  and  Ca- 
pacities   and    in    Inches,    Feet,    Yards,    etc., 

60,   61,  73 

Millimeters,    Fractional   Equivalents   of 56,   57,  58 

Moulding,   Special   Shapes   24 

New  British  Gauge,  in  Decimal  of  Inches 59 

Nickel   Plating  Seamless  Tubes,  Prices   for  39 

Nonagon,    Area,    etc.,   of   75 

Octagon,   Rules   for   Finding   Area  of  75,  87 

Odd   Shapes   on    Special   Order   24 

Old    English    Gauge,    Equivalents    in    Decimal    of 

Inch    59 

Orders,  Data    Required    for   22 

Pentagon,   Area,  etc.,   of   75 

Phono-Electric  Trolley  and  Telephone   Wire   24 

Phosphor  Bronze  Rods,  etc _ 24 

Photo-Micrographs     (Illustration)     20 

Pickling,  Annealing  and  15,  17 

Pipe   Ihreading,    Briggs'    Standard   for    48 

Polishing  Seamless  Tubes,  Prices  for  39 

Polygons,   Areas   of  75 

Pounds,    Equivalents   in    Kilograms    73 

Power    House    Piping,    Report   of   Committee   on 

Identification   of   52 

Pressure    in    Pounds    per    Square    Inch    for  Dif- 
ferent  Heads   of   Water   at   62°    F 63 

Pressure,   Internal,   Testing   Tubes   to   Withstand 

1,000    Ibs.    (Illustration)    17 

Prices    for   Seamless    Brass    Tubes,    Stub's    Wire 

Gauge  the  Standard  22,  36,  37 

Prices    for    Seamless     Brass     Tubes,     Iron     Pipe 

Sizes                                                                   37 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


Prices  (Net)  for  Polishing,  Polishing  and  Lac- 
quering, Polishing  and  Mckel  Plating  and 
Threading  Seamless  Brass  amd  Copper 

Tubes   and   Pipes   39 

Products,  List  of  Some  Other  of  the  Bridge- 
port Brass  Co 24 

Prompt  Execution  of  Orders,  Data  Required  to 

Insure    22 

Pump  Room,  Corner  of  (Illustration)   22 

Pure    Metals    Only    : 13,    21 

Pyramid,    Mensuration   of   86 

Quality  of  Bridgeport  Tubes  11,  17,  21 

Quantity    of    Water    in    Cubic    Feet    per    Minute 

Discharged   from   House   Service   Pipes   65 

Quantity  of  Water  Discharged  and  Friction  Loss 
at  Different  Velocities  of  Water  in  Pipes, 
Clark's  Chart  , 66,  67 

Radius,    Rules    for    Finding   87 

Rectangular     Tanks,     Capacities   of,    Figured    in 

U.  S.  Gallons  for  Each  Foot  in  Depth 72 

Report  of  Committee  of  Identification  of  Power 

House   Piping,    Revise    1305   52 

Rivets,    Copper    24 

Rods     24 

Rods   of    Various   Alloys 24 

Rolling  and  Wire  Mill  and  Plant  for  Manufac- 
turing, View  of  18 

Rolling  and  Wire  Mill  and  Plant  for  Manufac- 
turing (Illustration)  18 

Rules  and  Regulations  for  Use  of  Seamless 
Brass  and  Copper  Tubes,  as  Prescribed  by 
the  Board  of  Supervising  Inspectors  of 
Steamboats  53,  54 

Schedule  of  Standard  Flanges  50 

Schedule  of  Extra  Heavy   Flanges  51 

Seamless     Tubes,     Other     than     Round,     Prices 

for    34,   35,  36 

Segment  of  Sphere,  Mensuration  of  86 

Sheet   Metal  

Silicon  Bronze   Rods,  etc 24 

Slitting  and  Twisting  Tests    (Illustration)   

Sloping  Pipes,  Flow  of  Water  in  64 

Special  Shapes  Drawn  or  Stamped  from  Brass, 

Copper,   Bronze   or   German   Silver   ...  24 

Specific  Gravity  of  Brass  and  Copper  Tubes 49 

Sphere  and  Segment,  Mensuration  of  86 

Standard  Measurements  for  Threading,  Briggs'...  48 

Stub's  or  Birmingham  Gauge,  in  Dec.  of  Inch 59 


Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


Square,   Area,    etc.    of   75 

Square,  to  Find  Side  of  Equal. or  Inscribed 87 

Tanks,    Capacities    of    72 

Tempers,  Classification  of  23 

Tensile  Strength  of  Brass  and  Copper  Tubes 49 

Threading,   Briggs'    Standard,  Measurements   for     48 
Thickness   of   Copper    Tubes,     Formula    for    De- 
termining         49 

Threading    Seamless    Brass     and    Copper   Tubes 

and   Pipes,   Prices   for   39 

Tinning,  Condenser  Tubes,  Prices   for  36 

Transverse  Areas  of  Seamless  Brass  and  Cop- 
per Tubing,  Iron  Pipe  Sizes  38 

Triangle,    Area,   etc.,    of   75 

Tubing,  Seamless,  Prices  for  22,  34-37 

Tube  Mill,  View  of  Exterior  10,  13,  16 

Tube  Mill,  View  of  Interior  12,  14 

Tubing,  Seamless  Brass  and  Copper,  Methods  of 

Manufacture    13 

Undecagon,  Area,  etc.,  of  75 

United  States  Legal  Standard  Gauge   for  Sheet 

Iron   and   Steel  59 

Valves,  Distinguishing  Colors  to  be  Used  on  52 

Washburn  &  Moen  Gauge,  in  Decimals  of  Inch...     59 

Water   Conversion   Factors   54 

Water,  Head  in  Feet  of,  Corresponding  to 

Pressures  in  Pounds  62 

Water,  Sloping,  Flow  of  in  Circular  Pipes,  per 

Cubic  Foot  per  Second  64 

Water,  in  House  Service  Pipes,  Quantity  Dis- 
charged    65 

Water,  Quantity  Discharged  and  Friction  Loss, 

Clark's  Chart  66-67 

Water,  Head  in  Feet  of,  Corresponding  to 

Pressures  in  Pounds  62 

Wedge,  Mensuration  of  86 

Weight  per  Foot  of  Bridgeport  Seamless  Brass 

Tubes,  Stub's  Gauge  26-29 

Weight  per  Foot  of  Seamless  Brass  Tubes, 

American  or  B.  &  S.  Gauge  30-33 

Weight  per  Foot  of  Bridgeport  Seamless  Cop- 
per Tubes,  Stub's  Gauge  .! 40-43 

Weight  per  Foot  of  Seamless  Copper  Tubes, 

American  or  B.  &  S.  Gauge  : 44-17 

Wire,   Phono-Electric,  Trolley  and  Telephone 24 


10  Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


10 


1 1 


dgeport,       Connecticut 


11 


Bridgeport     Brass     Company     Factory    in    1865 

[Reprint  from  an  Old  Wood  Cut] 


THE    Bridgeport  Brass   Company  is  one  of  the 
pioneer   makers   of  Seamless  Tubing  in   this 
Country,  having  been  actively  identified  with 
the   industry   for   over   thirty   years.     To   an 
unusual  extent  the  processes  employed  in  the  manu- 
facture  of  this   product  demand  for  their  successful 
execution   a   quality  of  knowledge  obtainable  only  as 
the  result  of  a  long  period  of  accumulated  practice. 

While  we  have  for  years  devoted  time  and  money 
to  the  scientific  study  of  the  natural  laws  and  princi- 
ples underlying  the  art  of  tube  making,  it  is  through 
long  and  wide  experience  that  we  have  learned  the 
proper  practice  of  the  art  itself.  This  experience  is 
of  especial  value  in  enabling  us  to  satisfactorily  meet 
the  great  variety  of  requirements  encountered  in  the 
many  uses  to  which  tubes  are  put. 

It  is  with  entire  confidence,  therefore,  that  we 
solicit  your  orders  for  Copper  and  Copper  Alloy  Seam- 
less Tubing  for  any  and  all  purposes,  including  those 
for  which  exceptional  conditions  call  for  unusual 
qualities. 

We  are  equipped  to  give  our  customers  all  the 
assistance  which  a  perfect  plant  and  a  mastery  of  the 
science  and  technic  of  tube  making  can  supply. 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company  12 


bti 

•c 


13  Bridgeport,      Connecticut  13 


Additionsto   Tube   Mill,   Under   Construction 

Methods  of  Manufacturing  "Bridgeport" 
Seamless  Brass  and  Copper  Tubing 

Pure  metals  are  prime  factors  in  making  perfect 
seamless  Tubing.  We  use  pure  metals  only,  which 
is  one  reason  for  the  high  quality  of  the  ''Bridgeport" 
product. 

We  have  our  own  testing  laboratories  to  safeguard 
this  quality.  As  we  work  in  strict  accord  with  in- 
variable formulas  and  methods,  the  use  of  pure  metals 
assures  for  us  the  greatest  economy  and  expedition  in 
manufacturing. 

There  are  four  principle  methods  for  making 
Seamless  Tubes  of  copper  or  copper  alloys: 

1.  The  Cupping  Process 

2.  The  Extrusion   Process 

3.  The  Mannesmann  Process 

4.  The  Cast  Shell  Process 

The  Cupping  Process 

By  this  method,  a  flat  casting  is  first  made  and  this 
is  rolled  down  to  a  sheet  of  required  thickness.  Out 
of  this  sheet,  a  circular  blank  is  stamped.  The  blank 
is  then  "cupped  up"  on  a  press. 

By  successive  cold  drawings  over  steel  arbors  and 
through  hardened  steel  dies,  each  reducing  the  diameter 
and  thickness  of  the  tube,  the  required  size  and  gauge 
is  finally  reached.  The  cupping  process  is  used  for 


14 


B  r  i  d  g  e  p  o  r  t    Brass    Company 


14 


15  Bridgeport,       Connecticut  15 


c     k     1 


making  tubes  of  very  large  diameter  and  of  compar- 
atively short  lengths.  It  is  used  also  for  making  tubes 
of  very  thin  gauge  and  small  diameter. 

The  Extrusion  Process 

A  cylindrical  billet  is  cast.  This  is  heated  to  a 
plastic  temperature  and  by  hydraulic  pressure  forced 
out  through  a  die,  over  a  steel  mandrel.  The  tube 
thus  formed  is  then  cold  drawn,  over  steel  triblers 
or  arbors  and  through  hardened  steel  dies. 

The  Mannesmann  Process 

This  process  was  named  for  Reinhard  Mannesmann, 
a  German  engineer,  who  accidentally  discovered  that 
the  cross-rolling  of  a  heated  round  bar  produced  a 
rupture  through  its  center  with  a  tendency  to  form  a 
hole  along  the  longitudinal  axis.  This  process,  and 
modifications  of  it,  have  been  used  largely  in  the 
manufacture  of  brass  and  copper  tubing;  but  its  use  is 
limited  to  certain  mixtures  which  can  be  worked  hot. 
After  being  rolled  on  the  Mannesmann  machine  the 
tube  must  be  pointed  and  cold  drawn  to  required 
size. 

The  Cast  Shell  Process 

A  cylindrical  shell  of  suitable  length  is  cast  in  an 
iron  mould  over  a  core.  It  is  then  annealed,  pickled 
and  cold  drawn.  By  this  method  Tubes  can  be  made 
from  practically  all  ductile  alloys. 


16 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


16 


17 


dgeport,       Connecticut 


17 


Annealing  and  Pickling 

Every  Bridgeport  Seamless  Drawn  tube  is  cold 
drawn  from  six  to  eighteen  times  depending  upon  the 
guage.  Between  each  drawing,  it  is  necessary  to 
anneal  and  pickle  the  tubes.  For  these  operations 
which  require  extreme  care,  we  have  special  equip- 
ments that  have  been  developed  as  a  result  of  pro- 
longed experiments. 


Special  Heat  Treatment 

There  are  certain  requirements,  such  as  those 
occurring  in  the  use  of  tubes  for  surface  condensers, 
for  which,  in  order  to  assure  the  most  satisfactory 
service,  we  include  in  our  process  of  manufacture  a 
special  method  of  heat  treatment.  The  furnaces  for 
this  purpose  are  of  our  own  construction  and  permit 
an  accurate  measurement  and  control  of  temperature. 
We  have  given  this  subject  very  careful  study  and 
with  our  special  equipment  have  been  able  to  attain 
for  Bridgeport  Tubes  a  Service  Quality  unequalled 
by  tubes  made  by  processes  ordinarily  considered 
standard. 

One  important  result  of  this  special  treatment  is  that 
Bridgeport  Seamless  Tubes  are  less  susceptible  to  dezin- 
cification  than  those  manufactured  by  other  methods. 


Every  Tube  tested  to  Withstand  1000  Ibs.  Internal  Water  Pressure 


18  Bridgeport     Brass    Company 


18 


Bridgeport,       Connecticut 


I    n 


the        C    h   e   m   i   c 


Laboratory 


Exact  Methods  of  Manufacture 

The  aim,  in  the  industrial  world  to-day,  is  to  stand- 
ardize products  and  to  eliminate  guess-work  in  all 
manufacturing  processes. 

Not  so  very  long  ago  the  brass  expert  determined 
the  composition  of  a  copper  alloy  by  scraping  it  with 
a  tool  and  noting  color  and  hardness.  And  he  guided 
his  mixing,  casting,  drawing,  annealing  and  other 
operations  by  equally  uncertain  "  rule  of  thumb" 
methods. 

The  modern  way — the  way  of  the  Bridgeport  Brass 
Company  —  is  to  do  everything  by  exact  methods,  in 
accord  with  the  highest  efficiency  ideals. 


Everything    is    Done    by     Exact     Methods 


20 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


20 


Melting     Small     Charges      of      Meta 


The  Company  maintains  fully  equipped  chemical, 
physical  and  metallurgical  laboratories.  Every  lot  of 
crude  metal  is  tested  before  it  goes  to  the  melting  pot. 
Every  alloy  is  pre-determined  by  analysis  and  exhaust- 
ively tested  for  its  purpose.  Once  determined  upon, 
the  standard  never  varies. 

The  laboratory  is  equipped  with  electrical  furnaces 
for  melting  small  charges  of  metal.  By  means  of 
these  little  furnaces  castings  are  made  as  successfully 
as  when  the  large  crucibles  are  used.  These  sample 
castings  are  annealed  in  a  laboratory  muffle,  and  their 
physical  characteristics  are  then  revealed  by  the  testing 
machine,  the  scleroscope  and  by  photo-micrographs. 


a    p    h 


21 


Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


21 


Thus  in  all  cases  where  tubing  or  other  Copper 
Alloy  products  are  to  be  made  for  special  purposes, 
the  ideals  are  attained  in  the  laboratory  and  are  then 
systematically  worked  out  in  the  various  departments. 

Guarantee 

By  the  use  of  pure  metals  for  all  alloys,  by  exact 
methods  for  controlling  every  operation  of  manufac- 
ture and  by  the  final  safeguard  of  systematic  inspec- 
tions and  tests,  an  unexcelled  standard  is  maintained 
for  "Bridgeport"  Seamless  Tubing. 

The  Company  will  cheerfully  replace  any  stock 
proving  defective. 


Samples     Tested     by     Slitting     and     Twisting 


22  Bridgeport    Brass    Company  22 


1  l 

*         *%, 

V 


Data    Required    to    Insure    the 
Prompt   Execution   of   Orders 

We  shall  always  be  able  to  fill  your  orders  promptly 
and  satisfactory  if  you  will  tell  us  exactly  what  is 
wanted — especially  as  to  the  following  particulars: 

1.  Purpose:    As    Seamless  Tube    is   used   for   a 
great  variety  of  purposes  and  under  widely  varying  con- 
ditions, which  can  best  be  met  by  particular  combina- 
tions of  mixture  and  treatment,  it  is  essential  that  we 
should  know  exactly  for  what  purpose  any  lot  of  tubing 
is  to  be  used,  whether  for  Condensers,  Evaporators, 
Plumbing  work,  Bearings  or  for  other  purposes. 

2.  Material :  Always  state  the  kind  of  tubing  re- 
quired; Brass,  Bronze,  Copper  or  Admiralty  Mixture. 

3.  Diameter:  Specify  inside  or  outside  diameter. 
When   either   is   important,    specify   diameter   in    the 
decimal  parts  of  inch,    as  ascertained   by  micrometer 
calipers. 

When  ordering  tubes  which  are  intended  to  sleeve 
together  theSmaller  Tube  should  be  ordered  to  the  out- 
side diameter  with  instructions  "to  be  sliding  fit  into 
the  sleeve"  and  the  Sleeve  or  Larger  Tube  should  be 
ordered  to  inside  diameter  with  instructions"  to  slide 
over  the  tube."  Samples  should  be  sent  if  possible. 

4.  Gauge  :  As  the  greater  part  of  our  stock  regu- 
larly kept  on  hand  is  in  Stubb's  Gauge,  more  prompt 
delivery  can  be  made    if    tubing  is  so  ordered.     See 
Pages  26  to  29  for  tables  showing  sizes  and  weights. 

5.  Iron  Pipe  Sizes :     When  ordering  Iron  Pipe 
Sizes,  state    if    ordinary   or   extra  heavy   tubing    is 
required.     (See  Pages  37,  38.) 


23 


Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


23 


6.  Length:    Quicker  delivery  can  always  be  made 
of  regular  mill  lengths,  than  of  tubes  cut  to  specific 
lengths,   because   a  much  larger  stock  is  available. 
Unless  otherwise  ordered  the  mill  lengths  will  be  sent. 

7.  Temper:      The    following    classifications    of 
Tempers  are  sufficient  for  ordinary  purposes:  — 

Brass 

Hard  :  For  purposes  where  the  utmost  stiffness 
and  rigidity  are  required. 

Half-Hard  :  For  purposes  requiring  a  certain  de- 
gree of  stiffness  with  quality  to  withstand  moderate 
distortion  or  change  of  shape.  This  temper  is  obtain- 
ed by  a  medium  amount  of  drawing  from  the  soft 
condition. 

Semi- Annealed :  For  purposes  requiring  an  an- 
nealed tube  with  a  maximum  degree  of  stiffness.  This 
temper  is  obtained  by  partially  annealing  a  hard  tube. 

Soft :  For  purposes  requiring  bending,  flanging 
or  other  distortion. 

Copper 

Hard  :  This  is  the  usual  temper  for  copper  tubes. 
It  is  not  suitable  for  tubes  that  are  to  be  bent. 

Half -Hard:  Sometimes  furnished  on  receipt  of 
specific  information  as  to  use. 

Annealed  or  Soft:  For  uses  where  much  bend- 
ing or  distortion  is  required. 


Corner  of  Engine  Room,  Showing  Various  Apparatus 


24  Bridgeport    Brass    Company  24 


The  following  are  a  few 
"Bridgeport"    Products: 

Seamless  Brass  and  Copper  Tubing  for  all  pur- 
poses, including  Seamless  Condenser  Tubing  in 
Brass  and  Admirality  Mixtures,  plain  and  tinned. 

Automobile  Wind  Shields  and  Step  Mouldings 
and  other  odd  shapes  for  special  purposes. 

Brass  and  Copper  Rods,  Round,  Square, 
or  Rectangular. 

Rods  in  "Bridgeport"  Bronze,  Manganese 
Bronze,  Aluminum  Bronze,  Phosphor  Bronze, 
Silicon  Bronze. 

Brass,  Copper  and  German  Silver  in  sheets. 

"Phono-Electric"  Trolley  and  Telephone 
Wire. 

Miscellaneous  Manufactured  Goods,  in  Brass, 
Copper,  Bronze  and  German  Silver;  also  Copper 
Rivets  and  Brass  Lamps,  Bicycle  Lanterns,  etc. 

We  are  particularly  fitted,  by  Experience  and 
Equipment,  to  produce  Drawn,  Stamped  and 
Special  Shapes  from  Brass,  Copper,  Bronze  and 
German  Silver  in  Sheet,  Tube,  Rod  and  Wire. 
We  make  the  article  from  the  ingot  to  the 
finished  product. 

Send  us  Specifications,  Blue  Print  or  Sample 
of  your  work  and  we  will  promptly  send  esti- 
mate of  price. 

Bridgeport  Brass   Company 

Bridgeport,    Connecticut,   U.  S.  A. 

New  York  Office :   253  Broadway,  Cor.  Murray  St. 


Data  and  Prices 

for  Architects 
Engineers 
Superintendents 

and    all    Users    of 

Seamless 
Tubing 

[See    Index    Pages    4    to    9] 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


26 


TABLE  SHOWING  WEIGHT  PER  FOOT  OF 

Stub's  or  Birmingham  Gauge, 

Gauge  No. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

Thickness  of 
each  No.  in 
decimal  parts 
of  inch  : 

•259 

.238 

.220 

.203 

.180 

.165 

.148 

134 

.120 

.109 

•°95 

.083 

Frac.  of  inch 

'corresponding 

i 

15 

1  8 

• 

1  1 

• 

I 

3 

g 

closely  to 

T 

6¥ 

<U 

T6 

n 

<>T 

~s 

...... 

1F1F 

~fi-T 

Gauge  Nos.: 

Diameter 

Tubes,  Inches 

I 

^ 

.18 

.  T^T 

.l6o 

I 

12-38 

V 

• 

280 

f 

!o40 

1 

66 

64 

fio 

'"  '!! 

I 

f 

-84. 

66 

61 

Af(n 

f  .... 

1.09 

1.  06 

1.03 

•99 

.92 

.88 

.81 

.76 

•  70 

.649        .581         .520 

yi  

1.28 

1.23 

1.19 

1-13 

1.05 

•99 

.92 

.86 

•79 

.728 

.650      .580 

^ 

1.47 

1.35 

1.28 

1.18 

i.  ii 

1.03 

•95 

.87 

.807 

.718 

.640 

it-. 

1.65 

1.58 

1.50 

1.431.31 

1.23 

1.131.05 

.96 

.885         .787 

.700 

f  .... 

1.84 

1.75 

1.66 

i-57 

1.44 

1.35  1.24  i.  15 

1.04 

.964 

.855 

•759 

if.-. 

2.03 

I.92 

1.82 

1.72 

1-57  i-47-I-35  1.241.13'     -042 

.924 

.819 

2.22 

2.09 

1.98 

1.87 

1.701.591.451.341.22      .12 

•99 

-88 

ii/6  

2.60 

2-44 

2.30 

2.16 

1.96 

1.83  1.67  1.53  1.39     .28  :  1.13 

1.  00 

!#.... 

2.97 

2.78 

2.61 

2-45 

2.22 

2.07 

1.881.731.56    .44 

1.27 

1.  12 

!%.... 

3-35 

3.12 

2-93 

2.752.482.30 

2.10'!.  92  1.741     -59 

i  40 

1.24 

1%  .... 

3-72 

3-47 

3-25 

3.042.742.542.31,2.111.91;     .75 

1.54 

1.36 

!^  

4.09 

3-8i 

3-57 

3-333-oo 

2.78 

2.52  2.31  2.08      .91 

1.68 

I.48 

I^.-.. 

4-47 

4-iS 

3-88 

3-62 

3.26 

3-02 

2-742.502.26      .06 

1.82 

1.  60 

1%  

4.84 

4-50 

4.20 

3-92 

3-52 

3.262.95|2.692.43|        .22 

i-95 

1.72 

2       .... 

5-21 

4.84 

4-52 

4.21 

3.78 

3.503.162.892.60'        .38 

2-09 

1.84 

2/8-..  • 

5-59 

5.18 

4.84 

4-50 

4.04 

3.733.38,3.082.78 

•54 

2.23 

1.96 

2J^  

5-96 

5-53 

5-i5 

4-80 

4-30 

3-97 

3.59:3.272.95 

.69 

2.36 

2.08 

2%.... 

6-34 

5-87 

5-47 

5-09 

4.564-21 

3.803.473.12 

•85 

2.50 

2.20 

2j$.... 

6.71 

6.21 

5-79 

5-38 

4-824-45 

4.02  3.66-3.30 

3.01 

2.64 

2.32 

2%  

7.08 

6.56 

6.  ii 

5-67 

5-08 

4.69  4.23  3.85'3.47|  3-17 

2-77 

2.44 

2%  

7-46 

6.90 

6.42 

5-97 

5-34 

4.924-444.05 

3-64 

3-32 

2.91 

2.56 

2%.... 

7-83 

7.24 

6-74 

6.26 

5-605.16 

4.66 

4.24 

3-8i 

3.48 

3.05 

2.68 

3     •••• 

8.20 

7-59 

7.06 

6-55 

5.865-40 

4.87 

4-43 

3-99 

3-64 

3.19 

2.79 

3^i  

8.58 

7-93 

7.38 

6.85 

6.12 

5-64 

5.08 

4-63 

4.16 

3-79 

3-32 

2.91 

3J£  

8-95 

8.27 

7.69 

7.14 

6.38 

5-88 

5-30 

4.82 

4-33 

3-95 

3-46 

3-03 

3%  ... 

9-33 

8.62 

8.01 

7-43 

6.64 

6.  ii 

5-51 

5-oi 

4-51 

4.11 

3-60 

3-iS 

3*..,. 

9.70 

8.96 

8-33 

7.72 

6.90 

6-35 

5-72 

5-21 

4.68 

4.27 

3-73 

3-27 

3^8.-.. 

0.07 

9-30 

8.65 

8.02 

7.16 

6-59 

5-94 

5-40 

4-85 

4.42 

3-87 

3-39 

3%  

0-45 

9-65 

8.96 

8.31 

7-42 

6.83 

6.15 

5-59 

5-03 

4-58 

4.01 

3-51 

3%.-.. 

0.82 

9.99 

9.28 

8.60 

7.68 

7-07 

6-37 

5-79 

5-20 

4-74 

4-15 

3-63 

Tb  determine  weight  per  foot  of  a.  tube  of  a  gvven  Inside, 

belo<w  under  corre- 

Uauge  No. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

Increase  in 
Ibs.  per  foot  : 

1.5487 

1.3077 

1.1174 

9514 

7480 

™ 

5057 

4145 

3324 

.2743 

.2084 

.1590 

Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


27 


"BRIDGEPORT"  SEAMLESS  BRASS  TUBES 

Measured  in  Outside  Diameters 

Gauge  No. 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Thickness  of 
each  No.  in 
decimal  parts 

.072 

.065 

-058 

.049 

.042 

•035 

•032 

.028 

.025 

.022 

.020 

.018 

.016 

of  inch  : 

Frac.  of  inch. 

corresponding 

i 

• 

i 

i 

closely  to 

16 

IT?" 

¥¥ 

~§~£ 

Gauge  NOB.  : 

Diameter 

Tubes,  Inches. 

1 

.045  .045 

-043 

040 

.036 

•034 

.031 

.029 

.026 

.024 

.022 

.020 

|   

TV--- 

.096,  .o92J.o87 

.078  .070 

.062 

•057 

.051 

.047  .042 

•°39 

•035 

.032 

i.... 

.148  .139^129  .114  .101 

.087 

.c8o 

.072 

.065   .0581.053 

.048 

•043 

TV- 

.200  .186  .170  .149   .131 

.112 

.104 

.092 

.083 

.074  .067 

.O6l 

•055 

f  .... 

.252  .233   .212   .184  .l6l 

•137 

.127 

.112 

.101 

.090  .082 

.074!.o66' 

7 

.304.279.254.220.192!     .163 

.150 

.132 

.119    .  io6J.og6 

.087   .078 

I     '.'.'. 

.356   .326!  .296^.255    .222      .188 

•^73 

.152 

.137    .i2r.iiij.ioo  -089 

ft.- 

.408   .373.  .338  .290J.252      .213 

.196 

•173 

•155 

.137   .I25J.II3 

.101 

f     ... 

.460'.  420-  380   .326   .283      .238 

.219 

.193 

•173 

.153'  •I4Q'  .126'  .112 

ii-.. 

.511    .467   .4211.361    .313      .264 

.242 

.213 

.191 

.169  .154:  .139  .124 

E 

•  S63'  •  5H1  •  46j|  •  396  •  343    •  289 
.615  .561  .505  .432  .373    .314 

.265 
.288 

•233 
•253 

.209 
.227 

185 

201 

-183 

.152    .136 
.165    .148 

A— 

.667  .608.547  .467  .404    .339 

•3" 

.274 

•  245 

217 

.197  .178 

•  159 

ft.. 

.719.655.5891.502.434    .365 

•334 

•294 

.263 

232 

.211 

.I9I 

.171 

i  .... 

•77    -7°    -63 

•54 

.46  .389 

•358 

•314 

.281 

248 

.226 

.204 

.182 

1/8...  • 

.87!   .79    .71 

.61 

•52  .439 

.404 

•354 

•3!7 

.280 

•255 

.230 

.205 

lj£  

.981   .89!   .80 

.68 

•59 

.490 

•45° 

•395 

•354 

.312 

.284 

•256 

.228 

1%  

.08!   .98    .88 

•75 

•65 

•540 

.496 

•435 

•390 

•343 

•313 

.282 

.251 

!«.... 

.191.08    .96 

.82    .71 

•591 

•542 

.476 

.426 

•375 

•342 

.308 

.274 

1%.... 

.2911.17,1.05 

.89    .77 

.64I 

.588 

.516 

.462 

.407 

•371 

.334.... 

1%  

.39Jx.26'x.x3 

.96 

•83 

.692 

-635 

•556 

.498 

•439 

•399 

j%  

.50'  i.  36  1.22 

1.03 

.89 

•742 

.681 

•597 

•534 

.470 

.428 

.386.... 

2       .... 

.601.451.30 

1.  10 

•95 

•793 

.727 

.637 

•570 

.502 

•457 

.412 

aj/i.... 

.711.55^.381.17 

1.  01 

•843 

•773 

.678 

.606 

•534 

.486 

.... 

a${.... 

.8l  1.64.1.47  1.24 

1.07 

.894 

.819 

.7x8 

.642 

.566 

•515 



— 

2%.... 

.91  I.73I.55  1-32  X.I3 

•944 

.866 

•758 

.678 

•597 

•544 



— 

2^.... 

.02  1.83  1.63 

1.391-19 

•995 

.912 

•799 

.714 

.629 

•573 

\  ,  . 

.... 

•H.... 

.12  1.92 

1.72 

1.46  1.25 

1.045 

•958 

•839 

•750 

.661 





.... 

2^  

.232.01 

i.  80 

i-53 

1-31 

1.096 

1.004 

.880 

.786 

•693 

.... 

.... 

.... 

2% 

QO    f>      TT 

i  80 

i.  60 

j  .  37 

i  .  146 

.822 

724. 

2/8  •  •  •  • 

3     •••• 

*OJ> 

•43 

2.20 

A  .  oy 
1.97 

1.67 

i-43 

1.197 

1.096 

.960 

•859 

.  J  **\ 

•756 

3'/8.   - 

•54 

2.30 

2.05 

1.74 

1.49 

1.247 

1-143 

I.  001 

•895 

.788 

— 

T/1 

64 

1.81 

I  .  2Q8 

o 

.820 

3%...! 

•U4 
•74 

Z.39 

2.48 

2.14 
2.22 

1.88 

I-55 
1.62 

1.348 

1-235 

i  .041 
1.082 

•9oA 

.967 

.851 

.... 



.... 

3^  

2.85 

2.58 

2.30 

i-95 

1.68 

1-399 

1.281 

1.  122 

1.003 

.883 

.... 



.... 

3^8-  •'• 

2-95 

2.67 

2-39 

2.  O2 

1.74 

1.449 

1-327 

I.l62 

1.039 

•9*5 





— 

«/ 

3.06 

2    76 

o     AH 

oo 

i.  80 

T     <SO 

i  .  373 

I  •  2O3 

i  .075 

.04.6 

3%.-.. 

3-16 

~  -7U 
2.86 

*  "47 

2.56 

2.16 

1.86 

i-55 

1.42 

1.243 

i.  in 

•w 

.978 

.... 

.... 

.... 

Diameter,  add  to  'weights  in  above  list  the  weights  given 

spending  gauge  numbers. 

Gauge  No. 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Increase  in 

Ibs.  per  foot: 

.1197 

.0975 

.0777 

.0554 

.0407 

.0283 

.0236 

.0181 

.0144 

.0112 

.0092 

.0075 

.0059 

28                     Bridgeport    Brass    Company                    28 

TABLE  SHOWING  WEIGHT  PER  FOOT  OF 

Stub's  or  Birmingham  Gauge, 

Gauge  No. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

Thickness  of 
each  No.  in 
decimal  parts 

•259 

.238 

.220 

•  203 

.180 

.165 

.148 

•  134 

.  1  20 

.109 

of  inch  : 

Frac.  of  inch, 

corresponding 
closely  to 

* 

if 

it 

A 

H 

69T 

i 

Gauge  Nog.  : 

Diameter 

^^^^^™ 

^^^^MM 

Tubes,  Inches. 

4     .... 

11.19 

10-33 

9.60 

8.90 

7-94 

7-31 

6.58 

5.98 

5-37 

4.89 

4'/8.-.. 

"•57 

10.68 

9.91 

9.19 

8.20 

7-54 

6-79 

6.17 

5-55 

5  -5 

4*.... 

11.94 

11.02 

10.23 

9.48 

8.46 

7.78 

7.01 

6-37 

5-72 

5-21 

4*.... 

12.32 

11.36 

10-55 

9-77 

8.72 

8.02 

7.22 

6.56 

5-89 

5-37 

4*.... 

12.69 

11.71 

10.87 

10.07 

8.98 

8.20 

7-43 

6-75 

6.06 

5-52 

4*—. 

13-06 

12.05 

ii.  18 

10.36 

9.24 

8.50 

7-65 

6-94 

6.24 

5-68 

4K-... 

13-44 

12.39 

11-50 

10.65 

9-50 

8-73 

7.86 

7.14 

6.41 

5-84 

4*.... 

13.81 

12-74 

11.82 

10.95 

9-76 

8.97 

8.07 

7-33 

6.58 

6.00 

5     •••• 

14.18 

13.08 

12.14 

11.24 

IO.O2 

9.21 

8.29 

7-53 

6.76 

6.15 

sK.... 

14.56 

13.42 

12  -45 

n-53 

10.28 

9-45 

8.50 

7-72 

6-93 

6.31 

5*.... 

14-93 

13-77 

12.77 

11.82 

10-53 

9-69 

8.71 

7.91 

7.10 

6.47 

5%.... 

15-31 

I4-II 

13.09 

12.12 

10.79 

9.92 

8-93 

8.  ii 

7.28 

6.62 

5^--.. 

15-68 

14-45 

13-41 

12.41 

11.05 

10.  16 

9.14 

8.30 

7-45 

6.78 

5%.... 

16.05 

14.80 

I3-72 

I^.JO 

11.31 

10.40 

9-35 

8-49 

7.62 

6.94 

sK--.- 

16.43 

IS-H 

14.04 

13.00 

11.57 

10.64 

9-57 

8.69 

,    7-80 

7.10 

• 

5%..-. 

16.80 

15.48 

14.36 

I3    29 

11.83 

10.88 

9.78 

8.88 

7-97 

7-25 

6     .... 

17-17 

15.83 

14.67 

13.58 

T2.09 

II.  12 

9.99 

9.07 

8.14 

7.41 

6J4.... 

17-55 

16.  17 

14.99 

13.87 

12.35 

"•35 

IO.2I 

9-27 

8.32 

7-57 

6#.... 

17.92 

16.51 

15-31 

I4.  i/ 

12.  6l 

n-59 

10.42 

9.46 

8.49 

7.72 

&..., 

18.30 

16.86 

15-63 

14.46 

12.87 

11-83 

10.64 

9-65 

8.66 

7.88 

6}*.... 

18.67 

17.20 

15-94 

14-75 

13.13 

12.07 

10.85 

9-85 

8.84 

8.04 

6$/s.... 

19.04 

17.54 

16.26 

I5.05 

13.39 

12-31 

1  1.  06 

10.04 

9.01 

8.20 

6&.... 

19.42 

17.89 

16.58 

15-34 

13.65 

12.54 

11.28 

10.23 

9.18 

8.35 

6%.... 

19.79 

18.23 

16.90 

I5.63 

13-91 

12.78 

11.49 

10.43 

9-35 

8.51 

7     

20.16 

18.57 

17.21 

15.92 

14.17 

13.02 

11.70 

10.62 

9-53 

8.67 

7/8.... 

20.54 

18.92 

17-53 

l6.22 

14-43 

13.26 

11.92 

10.81 

9.70 

8.83 

7#.... 

20.91 

19.26 

17-85 

I6.5I 

14.69 

I3-50 

12.13 

II.  01 

9.87 

8.98 

7**.... 

21.29 

19.60 

18.17 

16.80 

14.95 

13-73 

12.34 

11.20 

10.05 

9.14 

75*.... 

21.66 

19.95 

18.48 

17.  10 

15.21 

13-97 

12.56 

n-39 

IO.22 

9-3° 

7%.... 

22.03 

20.29 

18.80 

17.39 

15.47 

14.21 

12.77 

n-59 

10.39 

9-45 

7K-... 

22.41 

20.64 

19.  12 

17.68 

15.73 

14-45 

12.98 

11.78 

10-57 

9.61 

7#.». 

22.78 

20.98 

19.44 

17.98 

15.99 

14.69 

13.20 

11.97 

10.74 

9-77 

8     .... 

23-15 

21.32 

19.75 

18.27 

16.25 

14-93 

13-41 

12.17 

10.91 

9-93 

To  determine  weight  per  foot  of  a.  tube  of  a  given  Inside 

below  under  corre- 

Gauge  No. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

Increase  in 
Ibs.  per  foot: 

1.5487 

1.3077 

1.1174 

.9514 

.7480, 

.6285 

.5057 

.4145 

.3324 

.2743 

• 

Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


29 


"BRIDGEPORT"  SEAMLESS  BRASS  TUBES 

Measured  in  Outside  Diameters 


Gauge  No. 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

Thickness  of 
each  No.  in 
decimal  parts 
of  inch: 

•095 

-083 

.072 

.065 

.058 

.049 

.042 

•035 

-032 

.028 

.025 

.02* 

Frac.  of  inch, 
corresponding 
closely  to 
Gauge  Nos.: 

A 

A 

i 

6T 

T£ 

Diameter 
Tubes,  Inches. 
4     .... 
4/8-... 

43/8.... 
4^--.. 

4%-.-. 

+H..Z 

5     .... 
5$*.." 

6     .... 
6H*"' 

6^8.... 

6%...'. 
7     

4.28 
4.42 

4-56 
.69 
-83 

•97 
.11 
.24 
•38 
5-52 
5-65 
5-79 
5-93 
6.07 

6.20 

6-34 
6.48 
6.61 
6-75 
6.89 
7-03 
7-16 
7-30 
7-44 
7-57 

3-75 
3-87 
3-99 
4.11 
4-23 
4-35 
4-47 
4-59 
4.71 
4-83 
4-95 
5-07 
5-19 
5-31 
5-43 
5-55 
5-67 
5-79 
5.91 
6.03 
6.15 
6.27 
6-39 
6.51 
6.63 
6  ?<; 

3-26 

3-37 
3-47 
3-58 
3-68 
3-78 
3-89 
3-99 
.09 

.20 

•3° 

.41 
•51 
.61 
.72 

4.82 

4-93 
5-°3 
5-13 
5-24 
5-34 
5-45 
5-55 
5-65 
5-76 
<•  flfi 

2-95 

3-i4 
3-23 
3-33 
3-42 
3-52 
3-6i 
3-7° 
3-79 
3-89 
3-98 
4-08 
4.17 
4.26 
4-36 
4-45 
4-54 
4.64 
4-73 
4-83 
4.92 
S-oi 
5-" 

5-20 

2.64 
2.72 
2.81 

2.89 

2-97 
3-06 
3-i4 

3-22 
3-31 

3-39 
3-48 
3-56 
3-64 
3-73 
3-8i 
3-89 
3.98 
4.06 
4-15 
4-23 

4.40 
4.48 
4-56 
4-65 

2.23 
2.30 

2.38 

2.45 
2.52 

2-59 
2.66 

2-73 
2.80 
2.87 
2-94 
3-oi 
3-08 
3-iS 
3.22 
3-29 
3-37 
3-44 
3-5i 
3-58 
3-65 
3-72 
3-79 
3-86 

3-93 

1.92 
1.98 
2.04 

2.10 
2.16 
2.22 
2.28 

2-34 
2.40 

2.46 
2.52 
2.58 
2.65 
2.7I 

2-77 
2.83 
2.89 

1.601 
1.651 
1.702 
1.752 
1.803 
I-853 
1.904 
1-954 
2.005 
2-055 
2.106 
2.156 
2.207 
2.257 
2.308 
2.358 
2.409 

1.466 
1-512 

1-558 
1.604 
1-650 
1.697 
1-743 
1.789 
I-835 

1.284 
1-324 
1.364 
1.405 

1-445 
1.486 
1.526 
1.566 
1.607 

1.147 

1.183 
1.219 

1-255 
1.291 

I.OZO 





1.928 
1.974 

2.02 







.... 











|::: 

7-85 
7-99 

fl    T" 

6.87 
6.99 

5-96 

6.07 

5-39 
5-48 

.... 

.... 











7^8.--. 

7%--., 
8     .... 

8.26 
8.40 

8-53 
8.67 

7-23 
7-35 
7-47 
7-58 

6.28 
6.38 
6.48 
6-59 

5-67 
5-76 
5-86 
5-95 

.... 

.... 



; 





..(. 

.... 









Diameter,  add  to  weights  in  above  list  the  weights  given 
spending  gauge  numbers. 

Gauge  No. 

13 

.1590 

15 

.1197 

16 

17 

.0777 

18 

.0554 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

Increase  in 
IDS.  per  foot  : 

2084 

.0975 

.0407 

.0283 

.0236 

.0181 

.0144 

.0112 

30 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


TABLE  SHOWING  WEIGHT  PER  FOOT  OF 

American  or  B.  &  S.  Gauge, 

Gauge  No. 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

Thickness  of 
each  No.  in 

S 

• 

- 

S 

1 

. 

• 

H 

« 

G 

§ 

i 

decimal  parts 

M 

1 

0 

00 

S 

S 

P 

% 

o 

§ 

00 

of  inch  : 

— 

— 

°. 

Frac.  of  inch, 

corresponding 
closely  to 

i 

if 

if 

A 

tt 

A 

1 

*v 

— 

-h 

<5T 

Gauge  Nos.: 

Diameter 
Tubes,  Inches 

i-..- 

TV--- 

.174 

.167 

.16 

•15 

TV'." 

f 

~£ 

JL 

•49 

.46 

•43 

•39 

.36 

•33 

•31 

-j  

.67 

.63 

•59 

•55 

•51 

•47 

•43 

•39 

•36 

A 

.80 

•75 

.70 

.64 

•59 

•54 

•49 

•45 

.41 

%  .... 

1.09 

1.05 

•99 

•93 

.87 

.80 

•74 

.67 

.61 

-,S6 

•Si 

.46 

H-. 

1.28 

I.  21 

1.14 

i.  06 

.98 

.90 

•83 

.76 

.69 

•63 

•57 

f.... 

1.46 

1.38 

1.29 

1.19 

I.  10 

I.  01 

.92 

.84 

•76 

.69 

.62 

•56 

if.... 

1-65 

1.55 

i-43 

1.32 

1.22 

i.  ii 

I.OI 

.92 

•83 

•75 

.68 

.61 

f  .... 

1.84 

I.7I 

1-58 

1-33 

1.22 

i.  ii 

1.  00 

.91 

.82 

•74 

.67 

ii... 

2.02 

1.87 

i-73 

i-59 

1-45 

1.32 

1.20 

1.09 

.98 

.89 

.80 

.72 

i  

2.21 

2.04 

1.88 

1.72 

1-57 

1.42 

1.29 

1.17 

i.  06 

•95 

.86 

•77 

1/8.... 

2.58 

2-37 

2.17 

1.98 

i.  80 

1.63 

I.48 

i-33 

1.20 

i.  08 

•97 

.87 

lYl  

2-95 

2.70 

2.47 

2.24 

2.03 

1.84 

1.66 

1.50 

1-35 

I.  21 

1.09 

.98 

1%.... 

3-32 

3-03 

2.76 

2.50 

2.27 

2.05 

1-85 

1.66 

I.50 

I.34 

I.  21 

i.  08 

•Lyz  

3-69 

3-36 

3-05 

2-77 

2.50 

2.26 

2.03 

1-83 

1.64 

I.47 

1-32 

1.19 

ifi  

4.07 

3-69 

3-35 

3-03 

2.74 

2.46 

2.22 

1.99 

1.79 

1.61 

1.44 

1.29 

i%.... 

4-44 

4-°3 

3-64 

3-29 

2-97 

2.67 

2.40 

2.16 

1.94 

1.74 

I-56 

1.39 

1%  

4-81 

4-36 

3-94 

3-55 

3-20 

2.88 

2-59 

2-33 

2.08 

1.87 

1.67 

1.5° 

2        

5-18 

4.69 

4-23 

3-82 

3-44 

3-09 

2-77 

2-49 

2.23 

2.00 

1.79 

i.  60 

2/8.... 

5-55 

5-02 

4-53 

4-08 

3.67 

3-30 

2.96 

2.66 

2.38 

2-13 

I.9I 

1.71 

a*.... 

5-92 

5-35 

4.82. 

4-34 

3-90 

3-51 

3-iS 

2.82 

2-53 

2.26 

2.  O2 

i.8r 

2%.... 

6.30 

5-68 

5-12 

4-60 

4.14 

3-7i 

3.332.992.67 

2-39 

2.14 

1.91 

2^  

6.67 

6.01 

5-41 

4-87 

4-37  3-92J3-52|3-I5  2.82 

2-52 

2.26 

2.02 

Zfs"--.. 

7.04 

6-34 

5-71 

5-13 

4.61  4.13  3-7°J3'32  2.97 

2-65 

2-37 

2.12 

2%.... 

7.41 

6.67 

6.00 

5.394.844.343.893.483.11 

2.78 

2-49 

2.22 

2%.... 

7.78 

7.00 

6.30 

5.655.074.5514.07,3.653.26 

2.91 

2.61 

2-33 

3     •••• 

8.16 

7-34 

6-59 

5.925.31  4-75.4-26J3.8i 

3-4i 

3-°5 

2.72 

2-43 

3/8..-. 

8.53 

7.67 

6.89 

6.185-544-964.443.98 

3-SS 

3.18 

2.84 

2-54 

8.90 

8.00 

7.18 

6.445.775-I74.63 

4.14 

3-7° 

2.96 

2.64 

33/8-.-. 

9.27 

8-33 

7-48 

6.70  6.  01 

5-384-81 

3-85 

3-44 

3-07 

2-74 

3%  

9.64 

8.66 

7-77 

6.97  6.24 

5-59 

5-oo 

4-47 

4.00 

3-57 

3-19 

2.85 

3fg"  

10.01 

8.99 

8.07 

7-236.48 

5-79 

5-18 

4.64 

4.14 

3-70 

3-31 

2-95 

3^  

10.39 

9-32 

8.36 

7.49  6.71  6.00 

5-37 

4.80 

4-29 

3.83 

3-42 

3-06 

3%.... 

10.76 

9-65 

8.65 

7-75 

6.94  6.21 

5-55 

4-97 

4-44 

3-96 

3-54 

3-i6 

To  determine  ^weight  per  foot  of  a.  tube  of  a.  given  Inside 

belo<w  under  corre- 

Gauge  No. 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

Increase  in 
Ibs.  per  foot  : 

1.532 

1.213 

.9637 

.7642 

6061 

4806 

3811 

3023 

.2397 

.1901 

.1507 

.1195 

Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


31 


"BRIDGEPORT"  SEAMLESS  BRASS  TUBES 

Measured    n  Outside  Diameters 

Gauge  No. 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

Thickness  of 
each  No.  in 

I 

I 

B 

i 

1 

• 

i 

s 

t- 

5 

o 

« 

I 

decimal  parts 
of  inch  : 

? 

i 

i 

1 

00 

g 

I 

1 

° 

°. 

0 

Frac.  of  inch, 

correspond  ing 
closely  to 

TV 

.... 

A 



re 

A 

Gauge  Nos.  : 

Diameter 

«M_ 

— 

—  •*^~"* 

~~^ 

~~"" 

^^~ 

Tubes,  Inches. 

*.... 

•045 

•043 

.041 

•°39 

•°37 

•034 

.032 

.028 

.027 

.024 

.022 

.020 

A-,. 

.090 

.086 

.08 

.07 

.068 

.062 

•057 

•053 

.047 

.043  .038 

•035 

•C32 

i.... 

.14 

•13 

.12 

.11 

.097 

.088 

.080 

•°73 

•065 

.059  .053 

.048 

•043 

A.... 

.18 

.17 

•15 

.14 

•13 

.114 

.104 

.094 

.084 

.076  .067 

.O6l 

•054 

f.... 

•23 

.21 

.19 

•  17 

.14 

.126 

.114 

.102 

.092  .082 

.074 

.066 

-£^  

.28 

•25 

•23 

.20 

.18 

.17 

•  15 

•135 

.121 

.108  ,.096 

.087 

.077 

*.... 

•32 

•29 

.26 

•24 

.21 

.19 

.17 

•155 

•139 

.124 

.III 

.100 

.089 

TV- 

•37 

•33 

•3° 

•27 

•24 

.22 

.20 

.176 

•I56 

.141 

•  125 

.113 

.100 

I-..- 

•42 

•37 

•34 

•3° 

•27 

.24 

.22 

.196 

.174 

•J57 

.140 

.126 

.112 

^  

.46 

.42 

•37 

•33 

•3° 

.27 

•24 

.22 

•193 

•*73 

•154 

•139 

.123 

|.... 

•51 

.46 

.41 

•37 

•33 

•30 

.26 

.24 

.211 

.189 

.169 

•  152 

•13*5 

if.- 

•55 

•So 

•45 

.40 

•36 

•32 

.29 

.26 

.230 

.206 

.183 

.164 

.146 

f  .... 

.60 

•54 

.48 

•43 

•39 

•35 

•31 

.28 

.248 

.222 

.198 

.177 

.158 

If  — 

.64 

•58 

•52 

•47 

•42 

•37 

•33 

.30 

.267 

•238 

.212 

.190 

.169 

i  

.69 

.62 

•56 

•So 

•45 

.40 

•36 

•32 

.285 

•254 

.227 

.203 

.l8l 

1/8...  • 

•79 

.70 

•63 

•57 

•50 

•45 

.40 

•36 

•321 

•297 

.256 

.229 



1%:  

.88 

•79 

.70 

•63 

•56 

•50 

•45 

.40 

•358 

.320 

•285 

•255 

i%  — 

•97 

•87 

.78 

.69 

.62 

•55 

•So 

•44 

•395 

•352 

.314 

.281 

iy*  — 

i.  06 

•95 

•85 

.76 

.68 

.61 

•54 

.48 

•43 

•384 

•343 

•3J7 



i^i  

1.16 

1.03 

.92 

.82 

•74 

.66 

•59 

•S2 

•47 

.417 

•372 

T  V 

T     2^ 

[  .  12 

i  .00 

80 

61 

c6 

__ 

J.CO 

&.... 

i-34 

1.20 

1.07 

•°9 
•95 

•79 

•  71 

.76 

•  u  j 
.68 

.61 

•54 

.482 

•43° 



2        .... 

i-43 

1.28 

1.14 

I.  O2 

.91 

.81 

•73 

•65 

•58 

•514 

•459 

2IZ 

I      ^3 

I        36 

I    22 

i  on 

O7 

.86 

.  77 

.69 

.61 

•558 

•  %'.: 

1.62 

1.44 

1.29 

1.16 

1.03 

•92 

'  /  / 

.82 

•73 

•65 

.580 

2%-... 

1.71 

1.53 

1.36 

1.22 

i.  08 

•97 

.86 

•77 

,69 

.612 



2^-... 

i.  80 

1.61 

1.44 

1.28 

1.14 

1.02 

.91 

.81 

•73 

.644 



2^8.... 

1.90 

1.69 

1-51 

1.35 

1.20 

1.07 

.96 

•85 

.76 



.... 



2%.... 

1.99 

1.77 

1.58 

1.41 

T.26 

I.  12 

1.  00 

.89 

.80 





2^8-  ••• 

2.08 

1.86 

1.66 

I-48 

1.32 

I.I7 

1.05 

•93 

•83 



3     •••• 

2.17 

1.94 

i.73 

i-54 

I.38 

1.23 

1.09 

•97 

.87 





I/ 

2.27 

2  -O2 

i.  80 

1.62 

1.28 

T 

I  .02 

.QI 

3x.... 

2.36 

2.10 

1.88 

1.68 

1.49 

i-33 

1.19 

i.  06 

•94 

• 

»$4 

2.45 

2.19 

oc 

1.74 

t  •  55 

1.38 

I  .  23 

I  .  IO 

.08 

sk-"- 

2-54 

2.27 

2.02 

i.  80 

1.61 

1.43 

1.28 

1.14 

•  yv 
I  .02 

.... 

3^  

2.64 

2-35 

2.  IO 

1.87 

1.67 

1.49 

1.33 

1.18 

1.05 





.... 

3^.... 

2-73 

2-43 

2.17 

1.93 

1.72 

i-54 

1.37 

1.22 

1.09 



.... 



3% 

o  8" 

2.  52 

2  .  24 

2  .OO 

T     T8 

i  •  59 

I  .42 

1.26 

I    .    13 

Diameter,  add  to  weights  in  above  list  the  'weights  given 

spending  gauge  numbers. 

Gauge  No. 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

Increase  in 
Ibs.  per  foot: 

.0948 

.0752 

.0596 

^0473 

.0375 

.0297          0236        .0187        .0148 

.0117 

.0093 

.0074 

.  0059 

32 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


32 


TABLE  SHOWING  WEIGHT  PER  FOOT  OF 

American  or  B    &  S.  Gauge, 


Gauge  No. 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

Thickness  of 
each  No.  in 

1 

5 

g 

1 

I 

1 

3 

8 

T 

decimal  parts 

8 

§ 

I 

B 

5 

! 

2 

0 

§ 

of  inch  : 

Frac.  of  inch, 

corresponding 

i 

if 

if 

A 

U 

JL 

i 

A 

« 

closely  to 
Gauge  No.: 

D  4 

1  6 

6  4 

6  4 

6  4 

3  2 

Diameter 

Tubes.   Inches. 

4     .... 

11.13 

9.98 

8.95 

8.02 

7.18 

6.42 

5-74 

5-13 

4-58 

4.09 

4l/8  

11.50 

10.31 

9.24 

8.28 

7.41 

6.63 

5-93 

5-30 

4-73 

4-22 

4j^  

11.87 

10.65 

9-54 

8-54 

7.64 

6.84 

6.  ii 

5.46 

4.88 

4-35 

4*.... 

12.24 

10.98 

9-83 

8.80 

7.88 

7.04 

6.30 

5.63 

5-02 

4-49 

4%  

12.62 

11.31 

10.13 

9.07 

8.  ii 

7-25 

6.48 

5-79 

5-17 

4.62 

4^-g.  .  .  . 

12.99 

11.64 

10.42 

9-33 

8.35 

7.46 

6.67 

5-96 

5-32 

4-75 

4^i 

13-36 

11.97 

10.72 

9-59 

8.58 

7.67 

6.85 

6.12 

5-47 

4.88 

•4%  

13-73 

12.30 

II.  01 

9-85 

8.81 

7.88 

7.04 

6.29 

5-6i 

5.01 

5     .... 

14.10 

12.63 

11.31 

10.12 

9-°5 

8.08 

7.22 

6-45 

5-76 

5-i4 

5>4  

14.47 

12.96 

ii.  60 

10.38 

9.28 

8.29 

7.41 

6.62 

5-91 

5-27 

5&  

14.85 

13.29 

11.90 

10.64 

9.51 

8.50 

7-59 

6.78 

6.05 

5-40 

5%--.. 

15.22 

13.62 

12.19 

10.90 

9-75 

8.7I 

7.78 

6-95 

6.20 

5-53 

sys.... 

15-59 

13.96 

12.49 

II.  17 

9.98 

8.92 

7-97 

7.11 

6-35 

5-66 

sy&  — 

15.96 

14.29 

12.78 

"•43 

10.22 

9.12 

8.15 

7.28 

6.49 

5-79 

5^  

16-33 

14.62 

13.08 

11.69 

10.45 

9-33 

8-34 

7-44 

6.64 

5-92 

5%.... 

16.71 

I4-95 

13-37 

"•95 

10.68 

9-54 

8.52 

7-61 

6-79 

6.06 

6     .... 

17-08 

15.28 

13.67 

12.22 

10.92 

9-75 

8.71 

7-77 

6.94 

6.19 

f>Yi  — 

17-45 

15.61 

13.96 

12.48 

11.15 

9.96 

8.89 

7-94 

7.08 

6.32 

61^  

17.82 

15.94 

14.26 

12.74 

11.38 

10.17 

9.08 

8.10 

7-23 

6-45 

6>i.... 

18.19 

16.27 

14-55 

I3.OO 

11.62 

10.37 

9.26 

8.27 

7-38 

6.58 

f>l/2  

18.56 

16.60 

14.84 

!3-27 

11.85 

10.58 

9-45 

8-43 

7-52 

6.71 

6/8-..- 

18.94 

16.93 

15.14 

13-53 

12.09 

10.79 

9-63 

8.60 

7.67 

6.84 

6K  — 

I9-3I 

17.27 

15-43 

13.79 

12.32 

ii  .00 

9.82 

8-77 

7.82 

6-97 

6K  — 

19.68 

17.60 

15-73 

14.05 

12.55 

II  .21 

10.00 

8-93 

7.96 

7.  10 

7     .... 

20.05 

17-93 

16.02 

14.32 

12.79 

11-41 

10.  19 

9.  10 

8.  ii 

7-23 

7^  

20.42 

18.26 

16.32 

14.58 

13.02 

II  .62 

10.38 

9.26 

8.26 

7.36 

7*.... 

20.79 

18.59 

16.61 

14.84 

13-25 

".83 

10.56 

9-43 

8.41 

7-50 

7%  

21.17 

18.92 

16.91 

15.10 

13-49 

12.04 

to.  75 

9-59 

8-55 

7-63 

7^  

21-54 

19-25 

17.20 

15-37 

13-72 

12.25 

10.93 

9-76 

8.70 

7.76 

7.H-..- 

21.91 

19.58 

17-50 

15-63 

13.96 

12-45 

II.  12 

9.92 

8.85 

7.89 

7K-.-. 

22.28 

19.91 

17.79 

15.89 

14.19 

12.66 

11.30 

10.09 

8.99 

8.02 

778-  •  •  • 

22.65 

20.24 

18.09 

16.15 

14.42 

12.87 

II.49 

10.25 

9.14 

8.15 

8     .... 

23-03 

20.58 

18.38 

16.4* 

14.66 

13.08 

11.67 

10.42 

9.29 

8.28 

To  determine  weight  per  foot  of  a.  tube  of  a.  gi<ven  Inside 

be[ocw  under  corre- 

Gauge  No. 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

Increase  in 
Ibs.  per  foot  : 

l.r.32 

1.213 

.9037 

.7642 

.6061 

.4806 

.3811 

.3023 

.2397 

.1901 

Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


33 


"BRIDGEPORT"  SEAMLESS  BRASS  TUBES 

Measured  in  Outside  Diameters 


Gauge  No. 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

Thickness  of 
each  No.  in 
decimal  parts 
of  inch  : 

1 

.071961 

I 
§ 

1 

I 

i 

.040303 

o 

i 
i 

6 

I 
i 

.025347 

5 

Frac.  of  inch, 
corresponding 
closely  to 
Gauge  NOB.: 

A 

A 

.... 

.... 

A 

A 

Diametei 
Tubes,  Inches. 
4     

4%.... 
4%.... 

4#4V 

5     

5^...- 

5/8.... 

5/8-... 

5/8..-. 
6     .... 

6/8.... 
6/8.... 

^   — 

3-66 
3-77 
3-89 
4.01 
4.12 
4.24 
4-36 
4-47 
4-59 
4.71 
4.82 
4-94 
5.06 

5-29 
5-41 
5-52 
5-64 
5.76 
5-87 
5-99 
6.  ii 

6.22 

6-34 
6.46 

3.26 
3-37 
3-47 
3-58 
3-68 
3-78 
3-89 
3-99 
4.09 
4.20 

4-30 
4.41 

4-51 
4.61 
4.72- 
4.82 
4-93 
5-03 
5-i3 
5-24 
5-34 
5-45 
5-55 
5.65 
5-76 
5  86 

2.91 
3.01 

3.10 
3-19 
3-28 
3-38 
3-47 
3-56 
3.65 
3-75 
3-84 
3-93 
4.02 
4.12 
4.21 
4-3° 
4-39 
4.49 
4-58 
4.67 
4-76 
4.86 
4-95 
5-°4 
5-13 

2.60 
2.68 

2.76 
2.84 

2-93 
3.01 
3-°9 
3-T7 
3.26 
3-34 
3-42 
3-5° 
3-59 
3-67 
3-75 
3-83 
3-92 
4  oo 

4.08 
4.16 
4-25 
4-33 
4.41 
4-49 
4-57 

2.32 

2-39 
2.46 
2-54 
2.61 
2.68 
2.76 
2-83 
2.90 
2.98 
3-05 

3-12 

3.20 
3-27 

3-34 
3-42 
3-49 
3-57 
3-64 

2.06 
2.14 

2.20 
2.26 
2.32 

2-39 
2.46 
2.52 

2-59 
2.66 
2.72 
2.78 
2.85 
2.91 
2.98 
3-04 
3'" 

1.84 
1.90 
1.96 
2.01 
2.07 
2.13 
2.19 
2.25 
2.31 
2.36 
2.42 
2.48 

2-54 
2.60 
2.65 
2.71 
2.77 

i.64 
1.69 
1.74 
i.  80 
1.85 
1.90 

2.00 
2.05 
2.  II 
2.l6 
2.21 
2.26 

i-55 
i.  60 
1.64 
1.69 
1.74 
1.79 
1.83 

1.30 
1.47 

I.I6 











.... 







3.78 
3-85 
3-93 
4.01 
4.08 

.... 







7V 

6  60 

7/8.... 

•7  1/ 

6.80 

6  28 

5  60 

,a/ 

e    60 

6  48 

r    78 

8     .... 

7-39 

6-59 

5-87 

cDiameier,  add  to  heights  in  above  list  the  weights  given 
spending  gauge  numbers. 

Gauge  No. 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

0596 

17 

.0473 

18 

.0375 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

Increase  in 
11)8.  per  foot  : 

1507 

1195 

.0848 

.«* 

.0297 

.0236 

.0187 

.0148 

.0117 

34 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


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Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


38 


TABLE  SHOWING  SIZES  (in  dec.  of  inch},  WEIGHTS,  CIRCUMFERENCE  AND  TRANSVERSE  AREAS  OF 
SEAMLESS  BRASS  AND  COPPER  TUBING,  IRON  PIPE  SIZES 


no  xgg-  =  jad 

sazis 

AAV3H  VH 


-ui  -no  9Q8'=  SS 

NQ-ai 

rfO  XHOI3M 


WEIGHT  OF  REGULAR  IRON  PIPE  SIZ 
Brass  =  .307  cu.  in.  Copper  =  .321  cu.  in. 


II 


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00  GO  tO 


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39 


Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


NET  PRICES  FOR  POLISHING,  POLISHING  AND 
LACQUERING,  POLISHING  AND  NICKEL  PLATING 
ANDTHREADING  SEAMLESS  BRASSAND  COPPER 
TUBES  AND  PIPES 

*w 
E  « 

Plumbers'  Sizes 
and  all  other 
Tubes  by  Out- 
side Diameters 

Polishing 

Polishing  and 
Lacquering 

Polishing  and 
Nickel  Plating 

g 

! 

H 

Inches 

Inches 

Cts.  per  ft- 

Cts.  per  ft. 

Cts.  per  ft. 

Cts.  per  end 

M 

iU 

2 

2 

3 

X 

% 

iH 

2 

2 

3 

^4 

ti 

iH 

2£ 

2i 

3 

M 

If 

H 

H 

2| 

,      2% 

3 
3 
3 

% 

i 

2^ 

2% 

2H 

3 

.... 

IK 

2% 

2% 

2% 

3 

i 

lM 

3 

3^ 

sy& 

3 

.... 

\% 

3H 

3% 

3% 

3 

.... 

m 

3% 

3^ 

^ 

3J4 

IN 

iH 

3^ 

3M 

3H 

4 

.... 

\H 

3% 

4 

4 

4j^ 

itt 

\% 

4 

4^4 

4*4 

5 

2 

4*4 

4^ 

4^ 

6 

2 

2H 

4^ 

4% 

4% 

7 

2^e 

5 

5^[ 

5^4 

•M 

2^ 

2U 

5^ 

5H 

5% 

10 

.... 

3 

6 

6M 

6^4 

12 

.... 

M 

6^ 

6M 

6% 

13^ 

3 

3^ 

7 

7^ 

7^ 

15 

.... 

3H 

7M 

9 

9 

17^ 

3^ 

4 

8^ 

11 

11 

20 

4 

4^ 

10 

14 

14 

20 

4^ 

5 

12 

18 

18 

25 

5 

5^ 

15 

21 

21 

30 

.... 

6 

18 

24 

24 

38 

6 

6« 

22 

27 

27 

45 

A  special  discount  of  10  percent,  on  above  prices  may  be  given  on  an  order 
of  500  feet  or  over  of  a  size  ordered  at  one  time. 
For  2l/£  inch  and  3  inchTubing,  either  outside  diameter  or  inside  diameter, 
when  ordered  in  thousand  feet  or  more  at  a  time  price  of  on  application. 
2K  cents  per  running  foot  for  2^  inch  Tube,  and  3%  cents  per  running 
foot  for  3  inch  Tube.   " 

Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


TABLE  SHOWING  WEIGHT  PER  FOOT  OF 

Stub's  or  Birmingham  Gauge, 

Gauge  Wo. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

Thickness  of 
each  No.  in 
Decimal  parts 

•  259 

.238 

.220 

.203 

.180 

.165 

.148 

•  134 

.120 

.109 

.095 

.083 

of  inch  : 

?rac.  of  inch. 

urresponding 
closely  to 

i 

if 

H 

Tfi 

H 

A 

.... 

£ 

A 

A 

Gauge  Nos.: 

Diameter 

Tubes,  Inches. 

1 

A"" 

.186 

.178 

.168 

f 

.269 

.250 

.231 

Y 

.42 

.41 

•39 

•37 

.352 

.322 

•294 

7 

•49 

•395 

•  357 

Y 

•73 

.60 

67 

.60 

.56 

.517 

.466 

.420 

f 

88 

Ro 

•75 

.60 

.600 

•539 

•483 

6 

1.14 

i.  ii 

1.  08 

1.04 

•97 

.92 

•85 

.80 

•73 

.681 

.610 

•546 

IE 

1.54 

1.29 

i.48 

I.2S 
1.42 

1.19 

I.  10 

1.24 

1.04 
1.17 

•97 
i.  08 

.90 

1.  00 

•83 
.91 

.764 
.847 

.682 
-754 

.609 
.672 

^  

i-73 

1.66 

i-57 

1.50 

1.38 

1.29 

1.19 

I.  10 

I.OI 

.929 

.826 

•735 

x 

i-93 

1.84 

1.74 

i.  65 

1.51 

1.42 

1.30 

I.  21 

1.09 

I.OI2 

.898 

•797 

if.... 

2.13 

2.02 

1.91 

1.81 

1.65 

1-54 

1.42 

1.3° 

1.19 

1.094 

.970 

.860 

J     

2-33 

2.19 

2.08 

1.96 

1.78 

1.67 

1.52 

I.4I 

1.28 

x.i8 

1.04 

.92 

1/8.... 

2-73 

2.56 

2.41 

2.27 

2.06 

1.92 

1.75 

1.61 

1.46 

1.34 

1.19 

i  .os 

I#  

3.12 

2.92 

2-74 

2-57 

2-33 

2.17 

1.97 

1.82 

1.64 

1.51 

i-33 

1.18 

!%  

3-52 

3.28 

3-o8 

2.89 

2.60 

2.41 

2.20 

2.02 

1.83 

1.67 

1.47 

1.30 

1^  

3-91 

3.64 

3-41 

3-19 

2.88 

2.67 

2-43 

2.22 

2.01 

1.84 

1.62 

1.43 

1^8..-. 

4.29 

4-00 

3-75 

3.50 

3-i5 

2.92 

2.6S 

2-43 

2.l8 

2.01 

1.76 

i-55 

1^  

4.69 

4.36 

4.07 

3-8o 

3.42 

3.17 

2.88 

2.62 

2-37 

2.l6 

1.91 

1.68 

1%  

5-08 

4.72 

4.41 

4.12 

3-70 

3-42 

3.10 

2.82 

2.55 

2-33 

2.05 

1.81 

2       

5-47 

5-08 

4-75 

4-42 

3-97 

3.67 

3-32 

3-°3 

2-73 

2.50 

2.19 

i-93 

2/8.... 

5.87 

5-44 

5-08 

4-72 

4.24 

3-92 

3-55 

3-23 

2.92 

2.67 

2-34 

2.06 

2}{  

6.26 

5-8i 

5.4i 

5-04 

4-5i 

4.17 

3-77 

3-43 

3-io 

2.82 

2.48 

2.18 

2%-... 

6.66 

6.16 

5-74 

5-34 

4-79 

4.42 

3-99 

3-64 

3-28 

2-99 

2.62 

2.31 

2^.... 

7-05 

6.52 

6.08 

5-65 

5.06 

4.67 

4.22 

3-84 

3.46 

3.16 

2-77 

2-44 

«K.». 

7-43 

6.89 

6.42 

5-95 

5-33 

4.92 

4.44 

4.04 

3-64 

3-33 

2.91 

2.56 

2^  

7-83 

7.24 

6.74 

6.27 

5.61 

5.17 

4.66 

4-25 

3-82 

3-49 

3.06 

2.69 

2%.... 

8.22 

7.60 

7.08 

6-57 

5-88 

5.42 

4.89 

4-45 

4.00 

3-65 

3.20 

2.81 

3     •••• 

8.61 

7-97 

7.41 

6.88 

6.15 

5.67 

5." 

4-65 

4-19 

3-82 

3-35 

2-93 

3/8,.-. 

9.01 

8-33 

7-75 

7.19 

6-43 

5-92 

5-33 

4.86 

4-37 

3-98 

3-49 

3-o6 

a*.- 

9.40 

8.68 

8.07 

7-50 

6.70 

6.17 

5.56 

5-o6 

4-55 

.15 

3-63 

3-18 

3%-... 

9.80 

9-°5 

8.41 

7.80 

6.97 

6.42 

."5-79 

5-26 

4-74 

•32 

3.78 

3-31 

3^  

10.18 

9.41 

8-75 

8.  ii 

7.24 

6.67 

6.01 

5-47 

4.91 

.48 

3-92 

3-43 

3^  

10.57 

9.76 

9.08 

8.42 

7-52 

6.92 

6.24 

5-67 

5-09 

.64 

4.06 

3.56 

3^  

10.97 

10.13 

9.41 

8-73 

7-79 

7.17 

6.46 

5-87 

5.28 

.8- 

4.21 

3-69 

3%-... 

11.36 

10.49 

9-74 

9-°3 

8.06 

7.42 

6.69 

6.08 

5-46 

.98 

4.36 

3-81 

7b  determine  weight  per  foot  of  a  tube  of  a  given  Inside 

below  under  corre- 

Gauge  No. 

3 

4 

5 

6     7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

Increase  in 
IbB.  per  foot  : 

1.6261 

1.3731      1.1733 

.999fl|.78S4  .6599 

.5310 

.4352 

.3490 

.28PO 

3j 

.1669 

Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


41 


"BRIDGEPORT"  SEAMLESS  COPPER  TUBES 

Measured  in  Outside  Diameters 

Gauge  No. 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Thickness  of 
each  No.  in 
decimal  parts 

.072 

-065 

.058 

-Q.49 

.042 

•035 

.032 

.028 

.025 

.022 

.020 

.018 

.016 

of  inch  : 

Frac.  of  inch. 

corresponding 

•^ 

3 

i 

i 

closely  to 

i^> 

"ftf 

8  2 

tf¥ 

Gauge  Nos.: 

Diameter 

~"~" 

Tubes,  Inches. 

I-. 

.... 

.048 

.047 

•045 

.042 

.038 

•036 

•033 

.030 

.027  .025 

.023 

.021 

A.-, 

.101 

.097 

.091 

.082 

•073 

.065 

.060 

•054 

.049 

.044  .041 

•037 

•C34 

|.... 

.155'.  146 

•135 

.120 

.106 

.091 

.084 

.076 

.068 

.061  1.056  .050  .045 

TV- 

.210.  .195   .178 

.156 

•  138 

.118 

.109 

.097 

.087 

.078  .070  .064  .058 

I.- 

•265 

.245  -223 

•193 

.169 

.144 

•133 

.118 

.106 

.094  .086 

.078  .069 

TV--- 

.319   .293   -267 

.231 

.202 

.171 

•157 

•139 

•  125 

.in 

.101 

.091 

.082 

i.... 

•374 

•342 

•3" 

.268 

•233 

.197 

.182 

.160 

.144 

.127 

.117 

.105 

•093 

TV- 

.428  .392 

•355 

•304 

•265 

.224 

.206 

.182 

.163 

.144 

.131 

.119  .106 

I-.-. 

.483  .441 

•399 

•342 

•297 

.250 

.230 

.203 

.182 

.161 

.147 

.132 

.118 

•^  

•537 

.490 

•442 

•379 

•329 

.277 

•254 

.224 

.201 

.177 

.162 

.146  .130 

* 

•591 

.540  .486 

.416 

.360 

•3°3 

.278 

•245 

.219 

.194  .177  .160  .143 

if.'::: 

.646  .589  .530 

•454 

•392 

.330 

.302 

.266 

.238J.  2111.192  .173  .155 

-j  

.700  .638  -574  -49° 

•424 

.356 

.327 

.288 

.257).  2281.  207  .187  .167 

H- 

•755 
.81 

.688 
•73 

.618 
.66 

•527 
•57 

.456 
.48 

.383 
.408 

•351 
•376 

.309 
.330 

.276  .244J.222    .201    .180 
.295   .260   .237   .214   .191 

rl/e  

.91 

.83 

•75 

.64 

•55 

.461 

.424 

•  372 

'333   -294   -268   .241    .215 

iy^  

1.03.93    .84 

.71 

.62 

•5*4 

.472 

•  4^5 

.372  .328j.298j.26g  .239 

T^  

1.13  1.03  -92 

•79 

.68 

.567 

.521 

•457 

.409  .360'.  329 

.296  .264 

1%.... 

I.P5I.X3  i.  oi 

.86 

•75 

.621 

•569 

.500 

•447  -394,  -359 

.323  .288 

1^8-..- 

1-35  1.231.10  .93 

.81 

.673 

.617 

.542 

•485  -427  -390  -351  •••• 

1%.... 

1.46  1.32  1.19  i.  oi  .87 

•727 

.667 

-584 

.523  -461 

.419  .378  .... 

1%  

1.57)1.43  1-28  i.  08  .93 

.779 

•7*5 

.627 

.561 

•493  -449 

.405  .... 

2       

1.68  1.52  1.36  1.15  i.oo 

.833 

.763 

.669 

•598  -527 

.480  .433 



•H.... 

1.80^.63  1-45  1.23  i.  06 

.885 

.812 

.712 

.636  .561 

.510  .... 



2&  .... 

1.901.721.541.301.12 

•939 

.860 

•754 

•674  -594  -541  ...- 

.... 

•H.... 

2.01  1.82  1.63  1.39  1.19 

.991 

.909 

.796 

.712  .627  .571  .... 

T/ 

2.12  1.92  L7I  1.46  1.25 

1.045 

•958 

•839 

•75° 

.660 

.602 

y'" 

2.23  2.  02  1.81  1.53  1.31 

i  .097 

i.  006 

.881 

.787 

.694 

2%.-.. 

2.34l2.n  1.89  1.61  1.38 

1-151 

1.054 

•924 

.825 

.728 

.... 

.... 

.... 

7/ 

2-45  2.22  1.98  1.68 

- 

I  .  2O3 

I.IOO 

.066 

.863 

760 

3     .... 

2.552.312.071.75 

1.50 

1-257 

1.151 

•  yvu 

1.008 

.ou_3 

.902 

-  /w 
•794 



3'/8-    .- 

2.67  2.42  2.15  1.83 

1.56 

1.309 

1.200 

1.051 

.940 

.827 

•  ••<. 

.... 

3}^  

2.77  2.51  2.25 

1.90 

1.63 

1.363 

1.248 

1.093 

.978 

.861 



33/8.... 

2.882.60 

2-33 

1.97 

1.70 

I-4I5 

1.297 

1.136 

1.015 

.894 



— 



3%  

2.992.71 

2.41 

2.05 

1.76 

i  .469 

1-345 

1.178 

1.053 

.927 

.... 

3^8-..- 

3.10  2.80 

2.51 

2.12 

1.83 

1.521 

1-393 

i.  220 

1.091 

.961 



3%  

3.21  2.90 

2-59 

2.19 

1.89 

1-575 

1.442 

1-263 

1.  129 

•993 

.... 

7% 

3*32 

3OO 

2.6Q 

2     27 

i   QC: 

I     627 

_          Af\-r 

I     1OZ 

1  .  167 

1.027 

3/8.  «  •  • 

*  o* 

•*** 

*•*/ 

' 

1  .  \JA  / 

' 

' 

Diameter,  add  to  weights  in  above  list  the  'weights  given 

spending  gauge  numbers. 

Gauge  No. 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

Increase  in 

Ibs.  per  foot: 

.1257 

.1024 

.0816 

.0582 

.0427 

.0297 

.0248 

.0190 

.0151 

.9118 

.0097 

.0079 

.0069 

42 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


42 


TABLE  SHOWING  WEIGHT  PER  FOOT  OF 

Stub's  or  Birminghnm  Gauge, 


Gauge  No. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

Thickness  of 
each  No.  in 
decimal  parts 

.259 

.238 

.220 

•  203 

.180 

.165 

.148 

•  134 

.120 

.109 

of  inch  : 

Frac.  of  inch, 

corresponding 

i 

if 

if 

8 

U 

• 

i 

closely  to 
Gauge  No.  : 

4 

b  4 

o  4 

6  4 

6 

Diameter 

Tubes,  Inches. 

4     .... 

"•75 

10.85 

10.  08 

9-34 

8-34 

7.68 

6.91 

6.28 

5.64 

5-13 

4*4-... 

12.15 

II.  21 

10.41 

9-65 

8.61 

7.92 

7-13 

6.48 

5.83 

5-30 

4*.... 

12.54 

"•57 

10.74 

9-95 

8.88 

8.17 

7-36 

6.69 

6.01 

5-47 

4%.... 

12.94 

"•93 

11.08 

10.26 

9.16 

8.42 

7-58 

6.89 

6.18 

5-64 

4^.... 

13-32 

12.30 

11.41 

10-57 

9-43 

8.67 

7.8o 

7.09 

6.36 

5-So 

*«.... 

13.71 

12.65 

11.74 

10.88 

9.70 

8.92 

8.03 

7.29 

6-55 

5-96 

4^  

14.11 

13.01 

12.07 

ii.  18 

9-97 

9.17 

8.25 

7-50 

6-73 

6.13 

4^..., 

14.50 

I3-38 

12.41 

11.50 

10.25 

9.42 

8.47 

7.70 

6.91 

6.30 

5     .... 

14.89 

13-73 

12.75 

11.80 

10.52 

9.67 

8.7o 

7.91 

7.10 

6.46 

5H.... 

15.29 

14.09 

13.07 

12.  II 

10.79 

9.92 

8.92 

8.  ii 

7.28 

6.63 

5#  

15.68 

14.46 

i3-4i 

12.41 

ii.  06 

10.17 

9-15 

8.31 

7.46 

6-79 

5%  

16.08 

14.82 

13-74 

12-73 

"•33 

10.42 

9-38 

8.52 

7-64 

6.95 

5^  

16.46 

I5-I7 

14.08 

I3-03 

1  1.  60 

10.67 

9.60 

8.71 

7.82 

7.12 

5>-8  

16.85 

15-54 

14.41 

13-33 

n-88 

10.92 

9.82 

8.91 

8.00 

7.29 

5>i  

17-25 

15.90 

14-74 

13.65 

12.15 

11.17 

10.05 

9.12 

8.19 

7-45 

5%.... 

17.64 

16.25 

15.08 

13.95 

12.42 

11.42 

10.27 

9-32 

8-37 

7.62 

6     .... 

18.03 

16.62 

15.40 

14.26 

12.69 

11.68 

10.49 

9-52 

8-55 

7.78 

6/3.... 

18.43 

16.98 

15-74 

14.56 

12.97 

11.92 

10.72 

9-73 

8-74 

7-95 

6j^  

18.82 

17-33 

16.07 

14.88 

13-24 

12.17 

10.94 

9-93 

8.91 

8.  ii 

6>§"  

19.21 

17.70 

16.41 

IS-lS 

13.51 

12.42 

11.17 

10.13 

9.09 

8.27 

6}£  

19.60 

18.06 

16.74 

J5-49 

13-79 

12.67 

"•39 

10.34 

9.28 

8-44 

6/8.... 

19.99 

18.42 

17.07 

15.80 

14.06 

12.92 

n.  61 

10.54 

9.46 

8.61 

6K-... 

20.39 

18.78 

17.41 

16.  ii 

14-33 

13.17 

11.84 

10.74 

9.64 

8-77 

6J£  

20.78 

19.14 

17-74 

16.41 

14.60 

13-42 

12.06 

10.95 

9.82 

8-93 

7     .... 

21.17 

19.50 

18.07 

16.72 

14.88 

13.67 

12.28 

"•15 

IO.OI 

9.  10 

7/8.... 

21-57 

19.87 

18.41 

17-03 

15-15 

13.92 

12.52 

"•35 

10.18 

9.27 

7*.... 

21.96 

20.22 

18.74 

17.33 

15.42 

14.17 

12.74 

11.56 

10.36 

9-43 

7%.... 

22.35 

20.58 

19.08 

17.64 

15-7° 

14.42 

12.96 

11.76 

10.55 

9.60 

7*.... 

22.74 

20.95 

19.40 

J7-95 

15-97 

14.67 

13-19 

11.96 

10.73 

9.76 

.7f4.... 

23-13 

21.30 

19.74 

18.26 

16.24 

14.92 

I3-4I 

12.17 

10.91 

9.92 

7K-... 

23-53 

21.67 

20.08 

1  3  56 

16.52 

15.17 

13-63 

12.37 

II.  10 

10.09 

7  Ji 

23.92 

22.03 

20.41 

18.88 

16.79 

15-42 

13-86 

12.57 

11.28 

10.26 

8      .... 

24.32 

22.39 

20.74 

19.18 

17.06 

15.68 

14.08 

12.78 

11.46 

10.43 

i 

To  determine  ^weight  per  foot  of  a.  tube  of  a.  given  Inside 

belocw  tinder  corre- 

Gauge  No. 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

Increase  in 
:ia.  per  foot  : 

1.6261 

1.3731 

1.1733 

.9990 

.7854 

.6599 

.5310 

.4352 

.*-, 

. 

43 


Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


43 


BRIDGEPORT"  SEAMLESS  COPPER  TUBES 

Measured  in  Outside  Diameters 


Gauge  No. 

13 

14 

.083 

15 

16 

17 

.058 

18 

•049 

A 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

Thickness  of 
each  No.  in 
decimal  parts 
of  inch  : 

•095 

.072 

.065 

.042 

•  035 

-032 

.028 

.025 

.022 

Prac.  of  inch, 
corresponding 
closely  to 
Gauge  Nos.  : 

A 

A 

-L 

Diameter 
Tubes,  Inches. 
4     .... 

4tf—  • 

4%--.. 
4/8-... 
4%  .... 
4%  
5     
5/8... 

$}<..., 

6     .... 

6/8.--. 

6H.,.j 

6f$.... 

6%.... 
7     .... 

7/8..-. 
7^-... 

7/8.... 

4-49 
4.64 
4-79 
4-92 
5-°7 
5.22 
5-37 
5-50 
5-65 

5-93 
6.08 
6.23 
6-37 
6.51 
6.66 
6.80 
6.94 
7.09 
7-23 
7.38 
7.52 
7.66 
7.81 
7-95 
8.09 
8.24 
8.39 
8-53 
8.67 
8.8? 

3-94 
4.06 
4.19 
4-32 
4-44 
4-57 
4.69 
4.82 
4-95 
5-°7 
5.20 
5-32 
5-45 
5-58 
5-7° 
5-83 
5-95 
6.08 
6.  20 
6-33 
6.46 
6.58 
6.71 
6.83 
6.96 
7.09 
7.21 
7-34 
7.46 
7-59 

3-42 

3-54 
3-64 
3-76 
3-86 

3-97 
4.08 
4.19 
4.29 
4.41 
4-52 
4-63 
4-74 
4-84 
4.96 
5-°7 
5-i8 
5.28 
5-39 
5-50 
5.61 
5-72 
5.*3 
5-94 
6.05 
6.15 
6.26 
6-37 
6.48 
6-59 

3.10 

3-20 

3.30 

3-39 
3-50 
3-59 
3-70 
3-79 
3.88 
3-98 
4.08 
4-18 
4-28 
4.38 
4-47 
4-58 
4.67 
4-77 
4-87 
4-97 
5-07 
5-i7 
5.26 
5-37 
5-46 
5-55 
5-66 
5-75 
5-86 
5-95 

2-77 
2.86 
2-95 
3>°3 
3.12 
3-21 
3-3° 
3.38 
3-48 
3-56 
3-65 
3-74 
3-82 
3-92 
4.00 
4.08 
4.18 
4.26 
4.36 
4.44 
4-53 
4.62 
4.70 
4-79 
4.88 

2.34 
2.41 
2.50 

2-57 
2.65 
2.72 
2.79 
2.87 
2.94 
3-oi 
3-09 

3-23 
3-31 
3.32 
3-46 
3-54 
3-6i 
3-68 
3.76 
3.83 
3-91 
3-98 
4-05 
4.13 

2.02 
2.08 
2.14 
2.  2O 
2.27 
2-33 

2-39 

2.46 

2.52 

2.58 
2.65 

2.71 

2.78 
2.85 

2.91 

2-97 
3-°3 

1.681 

1-733 
1.787 
1.840 
1.893 
1.946 
1.999 
2.052 
2.105 
2.158 

2.  211 
2.264 

2-3I7 

2.370 
2.423 

2.476 
2.529 

1.539 
1.588 
1.636 
1.684 

1-732 
1.782 
1.830 
1.878 
1.927 

1-975 
2.024 

2.073 

2.12 

1.348 
1.390 
1.432 

1-475 
I.5I7 
1.560 
1.602 
1.644 
1.687 

1.204 
1.242 
1.280 
1.318 
1-356 

i.  060 









.... 











.... 

.... 

.... 







.... 

.... 







8     .... 

8.96 
9.10 

7.84 
7.96 

6.81 

6.92 

6.15 
6.25 

.... 



...... 







^Diameter,  add  to  heights  in  above  list  the  weights  given 
spending  gauge  numbers. 

Gauge  No. 

13 

14 

1669 

15 

.1257 

16 

.  1024 

17 

.0816 

18 

.0582 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

Increase  in 
Ibs.  per  foot  : 

.2188 

.0427 

.0297 

.0248 

.0190 

,0151 

.0118 

44 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


TABLE  SHOWING  WEIGHT  PER  FOOT  OF 

American  or  B.  &  S.  Gauge, 

Gauge  No. 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

Thickness  of 
each  No.  In 

> 

• 

« 

* 

• 

8 

s 

5 

S 

S 

§ 

i 

decimal  parts 
of  inch  : 

•! 

s 

I 

2 

a 

3 

r, 

s 

• 

o' 

Frac.  of  inch, 

corresponding 
closely  to 

* 

H 

H 

T30 

H 

A 

i 

*V 

.... 

& 

& 

Gauge  Nos.: 

Diameter 

Tubes,  Inches. 

I 

\* 

TO,-, 

.16 

f 

"6 

"V 

1°, 

ifi 

.28 

.26 

7 

Ag 

o« 

i 

.70 

84 

.66 

.62 

.58 

6? 

•53 
62 

•49 

•45 

.41 

.38 

A"" 

i.i4 

1.  10 

1.04 

.98 

.91 

.84 

.78 

.70 

.64 

•59 

•54 

.48 

ii... 

1.34 

1.27 

1.20 

i.  ii 

1.03 

.94 

87 

.80 

.72 

.66 

.60 

.54 

I.... 

i-53 

i-45 

i-35 

i.»S 

i-i.S 

i.  06 

•Q7 

.88 

.80 

.72 

.65 

•59 

it.... 

i-73 

1.63 

1.50 

«•# 

1.28 

1.17 

1.06 

•97 

•87 

•79 

•7i 

.64 

I.... 

i-93 

i.  80 

1.66 

1-52 

1.40 

1.28 

1.17 

i.o.s 

.96 

.86 

.78 

.70 

if.... 

2.12 

1.96 

1.82 

1.67 

1.52 

1.39 

1.26 

1.14 

1.03 

•93 

.84 

.76 

I     

2.32 

2.14 

1.97 

1.81 

1.65 

1.49 

1.35 

1.23 

i.  ii 

1.  00 

.90 

.81 

!'/8.... 

2.71 

2-49 

2.28 

2.08 

1.89 

1.71 

1-55 

1.40 

1.26 

1-13 

1.02 

.91 

Iff.... 

3-10 

2-83 

2-59 

2-35 

2.13 

1.93 

1.74 

i-57 

1.42 

1.27 

I.I4 

1.03 

1%.... 

3-49 

3-i8 

2.90 

2.62 

2.38 

2.15 

i.94 

1.74 

i-57 

1.41 

1.27 

1.13 

I}*.... 

3-87 

3-53 

3.20 

2.91 

2.62 

2.37 

2.13 

1.92 

1.72 

1-54 

i-39 

1.15 

1%.... 

4.27 

3-87 

3-52 

3.18 

2.88 

2.58 

2-33 

2.09 

1.88 

1.69 

1-51 

1-35 

IK-.-- 

4.66 

4-23 

3.82 

3-45 

3.12 

2.80 

2.52 

2.27 

2.04 

1.83 

1.64 

1.46 

!%...- 

5-05 

4-58 

4-14 

3-73 

3.36 

3.02 

2.82 

2.45 

2.18 

1.96 

1-75 

1.57 

2      .... 

5-44 

4.92 

4-44 

4.01 

3.61 

3.24 

2.91 

2.61 

2-34 

2.10 

x.88 

1.68 

2^.... 

5-83 

5-27 

4-76 

4.28 

3.85 

3-46 

3-" 

2.79 

2.50 

2.24 

2.01 

i.  80 

2^.-.. 

6.22 

5-62 

5-06 

4-56 

4.09 

3-69 

3-31 

2.96 

2.66 

2-37 

2.12 

1.90 

2%.... 

6.61 

5.96 

5.38 

4.83 

4-35 

3-90 

3-50 

3-M 

2.80 

2.51 

2.25 

2.01 

2%.... 

7.00 

6.31 

5-68 

5-n 

4-59 

4.12 

3-70 

3-32 

2.96 

2.65 

2-37 

2.12 

2^8.... 

7-39 

6.66 

6.00 

5.39 

4-84 

4-34 

3-88 

3-49 

3.12 

2.78 

£.49 

2.23 

2^..-. 

7.78 

7.00 

6.30 

5.66 

5.08 

4.56 

4.08 

3-65 

3-27 

2.92 

2.61 

2-33 

2%...- 

8.17 

7-35 

6.61 

5.93 

5.32 

4-78 

4.27 

3-83 

3.42 

3-o6 

2.74 

2-45 

3     •..• 

8-57 

7.71 

6.92 

6.22 

5.58 

4.99 

4-47 

4.00 

3.58 

3-20 

2.86 

2-55 

3H.... 

8.96 

8.05 

7-23 

6.49 

5-82 

5-21 

4.66 

4.18 

3-73 

3-34 

2.98 

2.67 

tff.». 

9-34 

8.40 

7-54 

6.76 

6.06 

5-43 

4.86 

4-35 

3-88 

3.48 

3-11 

2.77 

3%..-. 

9-73 

8-75 

7-85 

7.03 

6.31 

5.65 

5-05 

4-52 

4.04 

3-6i 

3-22 

2.88 

3%.... 

IO.  12 

9.09 

8.16 

7.32 

6-55 

S.87 

5.25 

4.69 

4.20 

3-75 

3-35 

2.99 

3K-. 

10.51 

9.44 

8.47 

7-59 

6.80 

6.08 

5-44 

4.87 

4-35 

3-88 

3.48 

3.10 

3*  — 

lO.gi 

9-79 

8.78 

7.86 

7-05 

6.30 

5-64 

5.04 

4-5° 

4.02 

3-59 

3.21 

3%.". 

11.30 

10.13 

9.08 

8.14 

7.29 

6.52 

5.83 

5-22 

4-66 

4.16 

3-72 

3-32 

Tb  determine  weight  per  foot  of  a.  tube  of  a.  gFben  Inside 

below  under  corre- 

Gauge  No. 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

Increase  in 
Ibe.  per  foot  : 

1.609 

1.274 

1.0119 

.8024 

.6364 

.5046 

.4001 

.3174 

.2517 

.1996 

.1582 

.1255 

Bridgeport,       Connecticut 


45 


"BRIDGEPORT"  SEAMLESS  COPPER  TUBES 

Measured  in  Outside  Diameters 

Gauge  No. 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

o> 
o 

26 

I 
s. 

Thickness  of 
each  No.  In 
decimal  parts 

1 

i 

i 

1 

o 

1 

1 

1 

I 

i 

o 

i 

o 

s 
i 

1 

1 

\ 

Prac.  of  inch, 
corresponding 
closely  to 
Gauge  Nos.  : 

TV 

... 

... 

A 



-h 

•h 

Diameter 
Tubes,  Inches. 

£.... 

047 
090 
14 

18 

22 
26 

3° 
35 
39 
44 
48 
52 
57 
61 
•65 
•73 
•83 
.91 

I.  00 

i.  08 
1.18 
1.26 
i-34 
i-43 
1-51 
x.6i 
1.69 
1.77 
1.86 
1-95 
2.04 

2.12 
2.20 

2.30 
2.38 
2.47 
2.55 
2.65 

045 

084 

13 

16 

20 
24 
27 

31 
36 

39 
43 
47 
5° 
55 
•59 
.66 

•73 

.82 
.89 

•97 
1.05 

1.  12 
1.20 
1.28 
1-35 

i-43 
I-5I 
L59 
1.66 
i-74 
1.82 
1.89 
1.97 
2.05 

2.12 
2.20 
2.28 

2-35 

043 
073 
us 
15 

18 

21 
25 
28 

31 

35 
39 
42 
45 
•49 
•52 
.60 
.66 
.72 
.80 
.86 
•93 

I.OO 

1.07 
1.14 

1.22 

1.28 

i-34 
1.42 
1.48 
1-55 
1.62 
1.70 
1.76 
1.83 
1.89 
1.96 
2.0; 

2.10 

041 
071 

IO 

14 
16 
19 

22 

25 
28 
31 

•35 
•38 
.41 
•44 
•47 
•52 
•59 
•65 
•7i 
•78 
•83 
.89 
.96 

1.02 
1.  08 
!-!3 
I.  2O 
1.26 
1.32 

i-39 
i-45 
1.5° 
1.56 
1.63 
1.69 
i-75 
1.81 
1.87 

•039 
.065 

.092 

.12 
•15 
.18 
.20 
•23 
.25 
.28 
•31 

•34 
•37 
•39 
.42 

•47 
•52 
•58 
.64 
.69 
•75 
.80 
.85 
.90 
•97 

1.02 
1.07 
I.  12 

1.18 

1.23 
1.29 

1-34 
1.40 
1-45 
1-50 
1.56 
1.62 
1.67 

•036 
.06 
.084 
.11 
•  13 
.16 
.18 

.21 

•23 
•25 
.27 
•30 

•33 
•35 
•38 
.42 
•47 
•52 
•57 
.62 
.66 
•7i 
•77 
.81 
.86 
.90 
.96 

I.  01 

1.05 

I.  10 

1.14 

1.  20 

1-25 
1.29 

i-34 
1.40 
1.44 
1,49 

•034 
.056 
.08 

.10 
.12 
.14 
.16 
.18 
.20 
•23 
•25 
.27 
.29 
•31 
•34 
•38 
.42 
.46 
•50 

•55 
•59 
.64 
.68 
.72 
•77 
.81 
•85 
.89 
•93 
.98 
i.  02 
1.07 
i.  ii 
i-iS 

1.20 
1.24 
1.28 

1.38 

.029 
.049 
.068 
.088 
.107 
.127 
.146 
.164 
•  183 
.203 
.226 
.241 
.26 
.28 
•30 

•34 
•37 
.41 
•45 
.49 
•52 
•57 
.61 
.64 
.68 
•72 
.77 
.80 
.84 
.87 
.91 
.96 
•99 
1.03 
1.07 

I.  10 

1.14 
I.I9 

028 
045 
062 
08 
097 

"3 
•  130 
.148 
•  165 
.182 
.198 
.216 
•233 
•25 
.267 
.312 
•336 
•370 
•403 
•438 
•472 
.506 
•540 
.586 
.609 
•643 
.676 

025 
040 
056 
070 
.086 

.101 

.117 
•  131 

•147 
.162 
.177 
.192 
.208 

.223 

.238 
.269 

.299 
•33° 
.360 

•3Qi 
.421 

•45i 
.482 

023 
037 
.050 

.064 

.078 
.091 
.105 
.119 
.132 
.146 
.160 
.172 
.186 
.199 

.213 

.240 
.268 
•295 

•333 

03X 
°34 

045 
057 
069 
081 

093 
105 
.118 
.129 
.142 
•153 
.166 
.177 
.190 

1 

IE 

i    — 

j'/s..-. 

I#  ... 
•H..V. 

!«.... 

«H.«. 

!«.... 

1%.... 

2       ... 

2'/8.... 
«#... 
2%--. 
•$*... 
2^8... 
2%... 
2%.-. 

3     ••• 

3'/8... 

3K-- 

33/*-.- 
3H  — 

jH... 
iM... 

aft  — 

094 
IS 
19 
24 
29 
34 
39 
44 
48 
•54 
.58 
•63 
.67 
.72 
-83 
.92 

1.02 
I.  II 
1.22 
I.3I 
I.4I 
1.50 

1.61 

1.70 
i.  80 
1.89 
1.99 

2.0Q 
2.18 
2.28 
2.38 
2.48 

2-57 
2.67 
2.77 
2.87 
2.96 

.... 

.... 

.... 

,,,, 

,,., 

.... 

cpiameter,  add  to  weights  in  above  list  the  weights  given 
spending  gauge  numbers. 

Gauge  No.     14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

.0312 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

.0098 

25 

26 

Increase  In 
Ibs.  per  foot:  •°995 

.0790 

.0626 

.0497 

.0394 

.0248 

.0196 

.0155 

.0123 

.0078 

.0062 

46 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


TABLE  SHOWING  WEIGHT  PER  FOOT  OF 

American  or  B.  &  S.  Gauge, 


Gauge  No. 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

Thickness  of 
each  No.  in 
decimal  parts 

1 

1 

I 

1 

1 

1 

I 

1 

S 

s 

i 

of  inch  : 

• 

Frac.  of  inch, 

corresponding 

t 

if 

H 

T3<r 

u 

A 

£ 

6T 

-fa 

closely  to 
Gauge  No.  : 

1  o 

o  4 

o  4 

0  4 

Diameter 

^ 

~" 

"~*^~ 

""^~ 

^™™""~ 

—  —  . 

— 

Tubes,  Inches. 

4    .... 

11.69 

10.48 

9.40 

8.42 

7-54 

6-74 

6.03 

5-39 

4.81 

4.29 

4'/8.... 

12.07 

10.82 

9.70 

8.69 

7.78 

6.96 

6.23 

5-56 

4-97 

4-43 

«*.... 

12.46 

11.18 

10.02 

8-97 

8.02 

7.18 

6.42 

5-73 

5-12 

4-57 

4%-... 

12.85 

«-53 

10.32 

9.24 

8.27 

7-39 

6.61 

5-9i 

5-27 

4.71 

4g.... 

13-25 

11.88 

10.64 

9-52 

8.52 

7.61 

6.80 

6.08 

5-43 

4-85 

«H.... 

13.64 

12.22 

10.94 

9.80 

8.77 

7-83 

7.00 

6.26 

5-59 

4-99 

«*.... 

14.03 

12-57 

11.26 

10.07 

9.01 

8.05 

7.19 

6-43 

5-74 

5-12 

4%.... 

14.42 

12.91 

11.56 

10.34 

9-25 

8.27 

7-39 

6.60 

5-89 

5-26 

5     .... 

14.80 

13.26 

11.88 

10.62 

9-50 

8.48 

7-58 

,   6.77 

6.05 

5-40 

5^.... 

I5-I9 

I3.6l 

12.18 

10.89 

9-74 

8.70 

7-78 

"6.95 

6.21 

5-53 

5*.... 

15-59 

13-95 

12.49 

11.17 

9-99 

8.92 

7-97 

7.12 

6-35 

5-67 

5%.... 

15.98 

14.30 

12.80 

11.44 

10.24 

9-J5 

8.17 

7-30 

6.51 

5-81 

5^.... 

16.37 

14.66 

13-" 

"•73 

10.48 

9-37 

8.37 

7-46 

6.67 

5-94 

SX.... 

16.76 

15.00 

13.42 

12.  OO 

10.73 

9-58 

8.56 

7-64 

6.81 

6.08 

sK--.. 

I7-I5 

15-35 

13-73 

12.27 

10.97 

9.80 

8.76 

7.81 

6.97 

6.22 

5/8-... 

17-55 

I5-70 

14.04 

12-55 

II.  21 

10.02 

8-95 

7-99 

7-i3 

6.36 

6    .... 

17-93 

16.04 

M-35 

12.83 

11-47 

10.24 

9-15 

8.16 

7.29 

6.50 

6'/8-... 

18.32 

16.39 

14.66 

13.10 

11.71 

10.46 

9-33 

8-34 

7-43 

6.64 

6*.... 

18.71 

16.74 

14.97 

I3-38 

«-95 

10.68 

9-53 

8.50 

7-59 

6.77 

6%.... 

iq.io 

17.01 

15.28 

I3-65 

12.20 

10.89 

9.72 

8.68 

7-75 

6.91 

6fc.... 

19.49 

17-43 

15-58 

13-93 

12-44 

n.  ii 

9.92 

8.85 

7-90 

7-05 

6H«... 

19.89 

17.78 

15.90 

14.21 

12.69 

"-33 

10.  II 

9-°3 

8.05 

7.18 

6*.... 

20.28 

18.13 

16.20 

14.48 

12.94 

«-55 

10.31 

9.21 

8.21 

7-32 

6#.... 

20.66 

l8.48 

16.52 

14-75 

I3.I8 

11.76 

10.50 

9-38 

8.36 

7-45 

7     .... 

21.05 

18.83 

16.82 

15.04 

13-43 

11.98 

10.70 

9-55 

8.52 

7-59 

7H-... 

21.44 

19.17 

17.14 

I5-3I 

I3-67 

12.20 

10.90 

9.72 

8.67 

7-73 

7#.-.. 

21.83 

I9-52 

17-44 

I5-58 

I3-91 

12.42 

11.09 

9.90 

8.83 

7.87 

7%.... 

22.23 

19.87 

17.76 

15.86 

14.16 

12.64 

11.29 

10.07 

8.98 

8.01 

7%.... 

22.62 

20.21 

18.06 

I6.I4 

14.41 

12.86 

11.48 

10.25 

9-i3 

8.15 

7H-... 

23.01 

20.56 

18.37 

16.41 

14.66 

13-07 

11.68 

10.42 

9.29 

8.28 

7%.... 

23-39 

20.91 

18.68 

16.68 

14.90 

13.29 

11.86 

10.59 

9-44 

8.42 

7%..-. 

23.78 

21.25 

18.99 

16.96 

15-14 

I3-51 

12.06 

10.76 

9.60 

8.56 

8    .... 

24.18 

21.  6l 

19.30 

17.24 

15-39 

13-73 

12.25 

10.94 

9-75 

8.69 

To  determine  weight  per  foot  of  a.  tube  of  a,  gfben  Inside 

below  under  corre~ 

Gauge  No. 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

Increase  in 
IDS.  per  foot  : 

1.609 

1.974 

1.0119 

.8024 

.6364 

.5046 

.4001 

.3174 

.2517 

.1996 

Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


47 


"BRIDGEPORT"  SEAMLESS  COPPER  TUBES 

Measured  in  Outside  Diameters 


Gauge  No. 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

Thickness  of 
each  No.  in 
decimal  parts 
of  inch  : 

1 

8 

I 

s 

I 

8 

I 

1 

1 

I 

.028462 

s 

1 

Frac.  of  inch, 
corresponding 
closely  to 
Gauge  No.  : 

& 

, 

A 

A 

Diameter 
Tubes,  Inches 
4     
4/8.-.. 
43f»" 

4«.... 

4K-... 

5     

5/8-... 

6     .... 

65*.... 

6%.... 
65*.... 

6%.... 

7     

7/8-... 

7% 

3-84 
3-96 
4.08 

.21 

•33 
4-45 
4-58 
4.69 
4.82 
4-95 
5.06 
5.19 
5.3i 
5-43 
5.55 
5.68 
5.80 

3-42 

3-54 
3-64 
3.76 
3-86 
3-97 
4.08 
4.19 
4.29 
4.41 
4-5i 

4-74 
4.84 
4.96 
5.06 
5.18 
5.28 

3-06 
3.16 

3-25 

3-35 
3-44 
3-55 
3-64 

I'Js 

3-94 
4-03 
4-13 

..22 

4-33 
4.42 

4-51 
4.61 

2-73 

2.81 

2.90 

2.98 
3.08 
3.16 

3.24 

3.33 

3-42 
3-51 

3-59 
3-67 
3-77 
3-85 
3-94 
4.02 
4.12 

2.44 
2-51 
2.58 
2.67 
2.74 
2.81 

2.90 

2-97 
3-04 
3-13 
3.20 
3.28 
3-36 
3-43 

3-59 
3-66 

2.16 
2.25 
2.31 

2-37 
2.44 

2-51 

2.58 
2.65 
2.72 
2.79 
2.86 
2.92 
2.99 
3-o6 

3.19 

3-27 

1.99 
2.06 

2.  II 

2.17 
2.24 
2.30 
2.36 

2-43 
2.48 

2-54 
2.60 
2.67 

•72 

•77 
•83 
.89 
•94 
•99 
•05 
.  10 

•15 

.22 
.27 

•32 

•37 

'•59 
1.63 
1.68 
1.72 
1.77 
1.83 
1.88 
1.92 

1.36 
1.41 
1.46 
1.50 
i-54 

1.22 

1; 









2.78 
2.85 
2.91 











5.05 
5.i6 
6.29 
6.42 
5-53 
6  66 

5-39 
5-50 
5.61 
5-72 
5-83 

4.81 
4.90 

.00 
.10 
•20 

4-28 
4-37 
4.46 
4-55 
4-63 

3.82 
3-9° 
3-97 
4.04 

4-13 

... 









6.78 
6.90 
7.02 

6.05 

•29 

.39 

4.80 

4.28 

... 









6.26 

68 

7%..-. 
8     .... 

7.27 
7-39 

7-63 
7.76 

6.48 
6-59 

•  77 
.88 

6  fln 

6  16 

^Diameter,  add  to  weights  in  above  list  the  weights  given 

sponding  gauge  numbers. 

Gauge  No. 

12 

13 

14 

15 

.0790 

16 

1 

.0497| 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

Increase  in 
Ibs.  per  foot  : 

.1582 

.1255 

0995 

0626 

0394 

.0312 

.0248 

.0196 

.0155 

.0123 

48 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


48 


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49 


Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


49 


Specific  Gravity,  Weight  and  Tensile  Strength  of 
Bridgeport  Seamless  Brass  and  Copper  Tubing 

Weight 
per 
Cu.  Inch 
Pounds 

Weight 
p-r 
Cu.  Foot 
Pounds 

Specific 
Gravity 

Tensile 
Strength 
er  Sq.  In. 
Pounds 

Brass  
Copper  

.3069 

.3227 

530.3 
557.6 

8.495 
8.932 

40,000 
30,000 

FORMULA  FOR  CALCULATING  COLLAPSING  PRES- 
SURE OF  MODERN  LAP-WELDED  BESSEMER 
STEEL  TUBES 

[Approximately  True  for  Brass] 

From  Experiments  at  National  Tube  Works  and  reported   in  Vol.  XXVII 
Trans.  A.S.M.E. 


—  V  1—  1,600 


P  =  86,670  —  —  1,386 


(A) 


(B) 


Where  P=  collapsing  pressure,  pounds  per  sq.  inch. 
d  =  outside  diameter  of  tube  in  inches. 
/=  thickness  of  wall  in  inches. 

Formula  A  is  of  for  values  of  P  less  than  581  pounds,  or  for  values  of  t/d 
less  than  0.023,  while  formula  B  is  for  values  greater  than  these. 


FORMULA  FOR  DETERMINING  THE  PROPER 
THICKNESS  OF  COPPER  PIPES 

(Prescribed  by  Board  of  Supervising  Inspectors 
of  Steamboats) 

The  thickness  of  material,  according  to  the  working 
pressure,  shall  be  determined  by  the  following  formula : 

This  proviso  shall  not  apply  to  copper  pipe  contracted 
for  previous  to  June  1,  1911. 

T  _.?><? 
~  6,000 

Where  T  =  thickness  in  inches. 

P  =  working  pressure. 

D  =  inside  diameter  of  pipe  in  inches. 

EXAMPLE:    Required  the  thickness  of  material  of  a  5-inch  copper 
pipe  for  a  working  pressure  of  175  pounds  per  square  inch. 
Substituting  and  solving,  we  have 

T  =1^X5+.0625  =.208. 
6,000 


50 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


50 


SCHEDULE  OF  STANDARD  FLANGES 

Adopted  October  25,  1911,  by  a  Committee  of  the  National 
Association    of    Master    Steam    and    Hot    Water    Fitters 
and  of  The   American   Society   of  Mechanical  Engineers 

For  Steam  Pressures  up  to  125  Ib.  per  sq.  in. 

All  dimensions  are  in  inches 

Size 
of  Pipe 

Diameter 

of  Flange 

Thickness 
of  Flange 

Diameter 
of  Bolt 
Circle 

Number 
of  Bolts 

Size 
of  Bolts 

Diameter 
of  Bolt 
Holes 

1 

IK 

4 

5 

I3* 

3 

4 
4 
4 

A 
* 

A 

^ 

2 

6 

K 

4% 

4 

5/8 

% 

3 

7 

H 

6 

4 
4 

% 

% 

3K 

4 

8K 

9 

if 
if 

7 

4 
8 

% 

K 

5 
6 

7 

9K 
10 

11 

if 
l 

1^ 

1 

8 
8 
8 
8 

% 

K 
K 
K 

8 
9 
10 
12 

13K 
15 
16 
19 

1A 

14K 
17 

8 
12 
12 
12 

1 

K 
K 
i 

i 

14  O.D. 
15  O.D. 
16  O.D. 
18  O.D. 

21 

23K 
25 

IK 
IK 

20 

22% 

12 
16 
16 
16 

1 
1 
1 

IK 
IK 
IK 

20  O.D. 
22  O.D. 
24  O.D. 
26  O.D. 

27K 
29K 
32 

34K 

lii 

2 

25 

29K 
31% 

20 
20 
20 
24 

IK 

IK 

28  O.D. 
30  O.D. 

36K 

38% 

2A 

34 
36 

28 
28 

$ 

IK 

Bolt  holes  should  straddle  center  lines. 
Flanges  should  be  plain  faced. 

Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


51 


SCHEDULE  OF  EXTRA  HEAVY  FLANGES 

Adopted  October  25,  1911,  by  a  Committee  of  the  National 
Association  of    Master   Steam    and    Hot    Water    Fitters 
and  of  The  American  Society  of   Mechanical  Engineers 

For  Steam  Pressures  from  125  to  250  Ib.  per.  sq.  in. 

All  dimensions  are  in  inches 

Size 
of  Pipe 

Diameter 
of  Flange 

Thickness 
of  Flange 

Diameter 
of  Bolt 
Circle 

Number 
of  Bolts 

Size 
of  Bolts 

Diameter 
of  Bolt 
Holes 

1 

tk 

IK 

2 

4K 
5 
6 
6K 

H 
K 

5 

4 
4 
4 

4 

K 
K 

•A 

5/8 

H 
H 

2K 
3 

3K 
4 

7K 

9 

10 

i 

5K 

4 

8 
8 
8 

H 

7/8 

4K 
5 
6 

7 

IOK 
11 

12K 
14 

$ 

1 

8 
8 
12 
12 

% 

7/8 
1 

8 
9 
10 
12 

15 

2 

13 
14 

12 
12 
16 
16 

i 
i 

1 

14  O.D. 
15  O.D. 
16  O.D. 
18  O.D. 

23K 
25 
26 
28K 

I 

20^ 

22K 
24^ 

20 
20 
20 
24 

| 

IK 
IK 

20  O.D. 
22  O.D. 
24  O.D. 

31 
33 
36 

1 

27 
32 

24 

28 
28 

S 

11 

Bolt  Holes  should  straddle  center  lines. 
Flanges  should  have  &  inch  raised  face  for  gaskets. 
Square  Head  Bolts  with  hexagonal  nuts  are  recommended. 

52 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


52 


REPORT  OF   COMMITTEE   ON  IDENTIFICATION   OF 
POWER  HOUSE  PIPING— Revise  1305 

a  In  the  main  engine  rooms  of  plants  which  are  well 
lighted,  and  where  the  functions  of  the  exposed  pipes  are 
obvious,  all  pipes  shall  be  painted  to  conform  to  the  color 
scheme  of  the  room;  and  if  it  is  desirable  to  distinguish  pipe 
systems,  colors  shall  be  used  only  on  flanges  and  on  valve 
fitting  flanges. 

b  In  all  other  parts  of  the  plant,  such  as  boiler  house, 
basements,  etc.,  all  pipes  (exclusive  of  valves,  flanges  and 
fittings),  except  the  fire  system,  shall  be  painted  black,  or 
some  other  single,  plain,  durable,  inexpensive  color. 

c  All  fire  lines  (suction  and  discharge),  including  pipe  lines, 
valve  flanges  and  fittings,  shall  be  painted  red  throughout. 

d  The  edges  of  all  flanges,  fittings  or  valve  flanges  on  pipe 
lines  larger  than  4  in.  inside  diameter,  and  the  entire  fittings, 
valves  and  flanges  on  lines  4  in.  inside  diameter  and  smaller, 
shall  be  painted  the  following  distinguishing  colors,  numbered 
1  to  12,  inclusive: 


Distinguishing   Colors  to  be   Used  on   Valves,  Flanges 
and  Fittings  Only 


STEAM  DIVISION 
a  High  pressure  White 
b  Exhaust  system  Buff 

WATER  DIVISION 

c  Fresh  water,  low 

pressure  Blue 

d  Fresh  water,  high 

Kressure     boiler 
;ed  lines  Blue  and  White 

e  Salt  water  piping     Green 

OIL  DIVISION 


/  Delivery   and 
discharge — 
— brass  or 
bronze 


Yellow 


PNEUMATIC  DIVISION 
g  All  pipes  Gray 

Respectfully  submitted, 

F.  R.  HUTTON 

I.  E.  MOULTROP 


GAS  DIVISION 
h   City   lighting 

service  Aluminum 

i  Gas  engine  ser- 
vice Black,  red 
flanges 

FUEL  OIL  DIVISION 
.1  All  piping  Black 

REFRIGERATING  SYSTEM 
k  White  and  green 
stripes   alter- 
nately on  flanges 
and  fittings          Body    of    pipe 
being  black 

ELECTRIC   LINES   AND  FEEDERS. 

I  Black  and  red 
stripes  alter- 
nately on 
flanges  and  fit- 
tings Body    of    pipe 
being  bit 


ig  black 


H.  P.  NORTON 
J.  T.  WHITTLESEY 


H.  G.  STOTT,  Chairman 


53  Bridgeport,      Connecticut  53 

RULES  AND  REGULATIONS  FOR  THE  USE  OF  SEAM- 
LESS BRASS  AND  COPPER  TUBES,  AS  PRESCRIBED 
BY  THE  BOARD  OF  SUPERVISING  INSPECTORS  OF 

STEAMBOATS 
[Amended  to  September  25th,  1912} 

Copper  and  Brass   Tubes  May  be    Used  in   Construction  of 
Water  Tube  Boilers  When  Liquid  Fuel  is  Used 

Seamless  copper  or  brass  tubes  not  exceeding  three-fourths 
of  an  inch  in  diameter  may  be  used  in  the  construction  of 
water- tube  boilers  or  generators  when  liquid  fuel  is  used. 

There  may  also  be  used  in  their  construction. 

Copper  or  brass  steam  drums  not  exceeding  14  inches  in 
diameter,  of  a  thickness  of  material  not  less  than  five-eighths 
of  an  inch. 

And  copper  or  brass  steam  drums  12  inches  in  diameter 
and  under  having  a  thickness  of  material  of  not  less  than 
one-half  inch. 

All  tubes  and  drums  referred  to  in  this  paragraph  shall  be 
made  from  ingots  or  blanks  drawn  down  to  size  without  a 
seam. 

Water-tube  boilers  or  generators  so  constructed  may  be 
used  for  marine  purposes  with  none  other  than  liquid  fuel. 
(Sec.  4429,  R.  S.) 

Flanging  of  Copper  Tubes 

All  copper  pipe  subject  to  pressure  shall  be  flanged  over  or 
outward  to  a  depth  of  not  less  than  twice  the  thickness  of  the 
material  in  the  pipe,  and  such  flanging  shall  be  made  to  a 
radius  not  to  exceed  the  thickness  of  the  pipe. 

On  boilers  whose  construction  was  commenced  after  June 
30,  1905,  no  bend  will  be  allowed  in  copper  pipe  of  which  the 
radius  is  less  than  one  and  one-half  times  the  diameter  of  the 
pipe,  and  such  pipe  must  be  so  led  and  flanges  so  placed  that 
they  may  be  readily  taken  down  if  required. 

Such  pipes  must  be  protected  by  iron  casings  when  run 
through  coal  bunkers,  and  must  be  clear  of  the  coal  chutes. 

The  flanges  of  all  copper  steam  pipes  over  3  inches  in 
diameter  shall  be  made  of  brass  or  bronze  composition, 
forged  iron  or  steel,  or  open-hearth  steel  castings,  and  shall 
be  securely  brazed  or  riveted  to  the  pipe. 


54  Bridgeport    Brass    Company  54 

Provided,  however,  That  when  such  pipes  are  properly 
formed  with  a  taper  through  the  flange,  such  taper  being  fully 
reenforced,  the  riveting  or  brazing  may  be  dispensed  with: 

And  provided  also,  That  when  the  pipe  has  been  expanded 
by  proper  and  capable  machinery  into  grooved  flanges  and  the 
pipe  flared  out  at  the  ends  to  an  angle  of  approximately  20°, 
said  angle  to  be  taken  in  the  direction  of  the  length  of  the 
pipe,  and  having  a  depth  of  flare  equal  to  at  least  one  and  one- 
half  times  the  thickness  of  the  material  in  the  pipe,  said 
riveting  or  brazing  may  be  dispensed  with. 

Where  copper  pipes  are  expanded  into  or  riveted  to  flanges, 
it  will  be  necessary  for  the  pipes  with  their  flanges  attached 
to  withstand  a  hydrostatic  pressure  of  two  and  one-half 
times  the  boiler  pressure. 

Flanges  shall  be  not  less  than  four  times  the  required 
thickness  of  pipe,  plus  one-fourth  of  an  inch,  and  shall  be 
fitted  with  such  number  of  good  and  substantial  bolts  as  shall 
make  the  joints  at  least  equal  in  strength  to  all  other  parts 
of  the  pipe. 

Any  form  of  joint  that  will  add  to  the  safety  or  increase  the 
strength  of  flange  and  pipe  connections  over  those  provided 
for  by  this  rule  will  be  allowed  on  any  and  all  classes  of 
steam  pipe.  

Water  Conversion  Factors 

U.  S.  gallons  x      8.33        =  pounds 

U.   S.  gallons  x       0.13368  =  cubic  feet 

U.   S.  gallons  x  231  =  cubic  inches 

U.  S.  gallons  x       0.83         =  English  gallons 

U.   S.  gallons  x       3.78         =  liters 

English  gallons  (Imperial)        x     10  =  pounds 

English  gallons  (Imperial)        x       0.16         =  cubic  feet 
English  gallons  (Imperial)        x  277.274       =  cubic  inches 
English  gallons  (Imperial)        x       1.2  =  U.  S.  gallons 

English  gallons  (Imperial)        x       4.537       =  liters 
Cubic  inches  of  water  (39.1°)  x     0.036024  =  pounds 
Cubic  inches  of  water  (39.1*1   x     0.004329  =  U.  S.  gallons 
Cubic  inches  of  water  (39.1*)  x     0.003607  =  English  gallons 
Cubic  inches  of  water  (39.1°)  x     0.576384  =  ounces 
Cubic  feet  of  water       (39.1°)  x  62.425         =  pounds 
Cubic  feet  of  water       (39.1°)  x     7.48  =  U.  S.  gallons 

Cubic  feet  of  water       (39.1*1  x     6.232         =  English  gallons 
Cubic  feet  of  water       (39.1°)  x     0.028         =  tons 
Pounds  of  water  x  27.72  =  cubic  inches 

Pounds  of  water  x     0.01602     =  cubic  feet 

Pounds  of  water  x     0.083         =  U.  S.  gallons 

Pounds  of  water  x     0.10  =   English  gallons 


55 


Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


55 


TABLE  SHOWING  FRACTIONS  OF  INCH  REDUCED 
TO  DECIMAL  EQUIVALENTS 

64ths. 

32ds. 

IGths. 

8ths. 

Decimal 
Equivalents: 

V64 
3/64 
5/64 
7/64 
»/64 
"/64 
13/64 
15/64 
17/64 
19/64 
21/64 
23/64 
*/« 
27/64 
»/M 
31/64 
33/64 
35/64 
37/64 
39/64 
41/64 
43/64 
45/64 
47/64 
49/64 
B1/64 
63/64 
55/64 
57/64 
59/64 
61/64 
8S/84 

015625 

>/32 

031250 

'  '  i/i'e' 

046875 

'  '  V32' 

'-v»' 

'  '  7/32' 
"9/32' 
11/32 

062500 

073125 

093750 
109375 

Vs 

125000 
140625 

156250 

171875 

Vl6 

'  '  viV 

187500 

Vs' 

203125 
218750 
234375 
250000 

265625 
281250 

296875 
312500 

328125 

343750 
359375 

3/8 

375000 
390625 

13/32 
'l5/32' 

"»/ii" 

406250 
421875 

437500 

453125 

468750 

Vs' 

.  .  -  484375 
500000 

515625 
531250 

17/32 

546875 

''9/32' 
«/«' 

Vl6 

.    .                           562500 

578125 

593750 

609375 

6/8 

625000 
640625 

656250 

671875 

23/32' 

*/w' 

>27/32' 

"/IS 

687500 
....                                703125 

718750 

734375 

»/i'e' 

6/8 

750000 

765625 

"  781250 

796875 
812500 

828125 

843750 

Vs' 

859375 
875000 
890625 

M/32 

906250 

92  1875 

15/16 

937500 

953125 

31/32 

968750 

984375 

56 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


56 


TABLE  OF  EQUIVALENTS  OF  FRACTIONS  OF 

MILLIMETERS  IN  DECIMALS  OF  INCHES 

mm.        inches 

mm.        inches 

mm.       inches 

Vioo  =  .  000393  7 

45/ioo  =  .01772 

89/ioo  =  .  03504 

2/ioo  =  .  00079 

46/ioo  =  .  01811 

9%oo  =  .  03543 

3/ioo  =  .00118 

47/ioo  =  .  01851 

91/ioo  =  .  03583 

Vioo  =  .  00157 

48/ioo  =  .  01890 

92/ioo  =  .  03622 

5/100  =  .  00197 

49/ido  =  .  01928 

93/ioo  =  .  03662 

6/ioo  =  .  00236 

so/ioo  =  .01969 

94/100  =  .  03701 

VIM  -.00276 

"/loo  =  .02008 

95/100  =  .  03740 

8/ioo  =  .  00315 

52/ioo  =  .02047 

96/ioo  =  .  03780 

»/ioo  =  .  00354 

«Vioo  =  .  02087 

97/ioo  =  .  03819 

10/ioo  =  .  00394 

54/ioo  =  .  02126 

98/ioo  =  .  03858 

n/100  =  .  00433 

55/100  =  .02165 

w/100  =  .  03898 

12/ioo  =  .  00472 

56/ioo  =  .02205 

1  =  .  03937 

u/100  =  .  00512 

*Yioo  =  .02244 

2  =  .07874 

w/ioo  =  .  00551 

58/ioo  =  .02284 

3-.  11811 

15/ioo  =  .  00591 

69/ioo  =  .  02323 

4  =  .  15748 

16/ioo  =  .  00630 

6%oo  =  .  02362 

5  =  .19685 

17/ioo  =  .  00669 

61/100  =  .02402 

6  =  .  23622 

w/100  =  .00709 

62/100  =  .  02441 

7  =  .  27559 

w/100  =  .00748 

MAoo  =  .  02480 

8  =  .31496 

20/ioo  =  .00787 

64/10o  =  .  02520 

9  =  .35433 

2i/100  =  .00827 

«/ioo  =  .  02559 

10  =  .39370 

2Vioo  =  .00866 

66/100  =  .  02598 

11  =  .43307 

23/100  =  .  00906 

67/ioo  =  .  02638 

12  =  .47244 

2Vioo  =  .  00945 

68/ioo  =  .  02677 

13  =  .51181 

*/loo  =  .  00984 

69/ioo  =  .  02717 

14-.55118 

26/100  =  .01  024 

7%oo  =  .  02756 

15  =  .59055 

27/ioo  =  .  01063 

"/  100  =  .02795 

16  =  .62992 

28/ioo  =  .01102 

72/ioo  =  .  02835 

17  =  .66929 

»/,oo  =  .01142 

73/ioo  =  .  02874 

18  =  .70866 

30/ioo  =  .01181 

w/ioo  =  .  02914 

19  =  .74803 

3i/100  =  .  01220 

75/ioo  =  .  02953 

20  =  .78740 

32/ioo  =  .  01260 

w/ioo  =  .  02992 

21  =  .82677 

33/ioo  =  .  01299 

77/ioo  =  .  03032 

22  =  .86614 

3y100  =  .  01339 

78/ioo  =  .  03071 

23  =  .90551 

»/ioo  =  .  01378 

79/ioo  =  .03110 

24  =  .94488 

36/ioo  =  .  01417 

80/ioo  =  .  03150 

25  =  .98425 

37/ioo  =  .  01457 

81/  100  =  .03  189 

26  =  1.02362 

38/ioo  =  .  01496 

82/100  =  .  03228 

27  =  1.06299 

39/ioo  =  .  01535 

83/ioo  =  .  03268 

28  =  1.10236 

4%oo  =  .  01575 

84/ioo  =  .  03307 

29  =  1.14173 

«/100  =  .  01614 

85/100  =  .  03347 

30  =  1.18110 

42/ioo  =  .  01654 

86/100  =  .  03386 

31  =  1.22047 

«/100  =  .oi693 

87/ioo  =  .  03425 

32  =  1.25984 

44/ioo  =  .01732 

88/ioo  =  .  03465 

33  =  1.29921 

1mm-                         .    .03937  In.      10m.         =1  Meter  =..  .39.37  In. 

10  mm.  =1  Centimeter  =0.3937  In.      25.4  mm.  =  1  English  In. 

10  cm.  =1  Decimeter    =3.937    In. 

57 


Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


57 


TABLE  OF  EQUIVALENTS  OF  MILLIMETERS 
IN  DECIMALS  OF  INCHES 

mm.     inches 
34  =  1.33858 
35  =  1.37795 
36  =  1.41732 
37  =  1.45669 
38  =  1.49606 

mm.    inches 
78  =  3.07086 
79  =  3.11023 
80  =  3.14960 
81  =  3.18897 
82  =  3.22834 

mm.       inches 
122  =  4.80314 
123=4.84251 
124  =  4.88188 
125=4.92125 
126  =  4.96062 

39  =  1.53543 
40=1.57480 
41  =  1.61417 
42  =  1.65354 
43  =  1.69291 

83=3.26771 
84  =  3.30708 
85  =  3.34645 
86  =  3.38582 
87  =  3.42519 

127=4.99999 
128  =  5.03936 
129  =  5.07873 
130  =  5.11810 
131  =  5.15747 

44  =  1.73228 
45  =  1.77165 
46  =  1.81102 
47  =  1.85039 
48  =  1.88976 

88  =  3.46456 
89  =  3.50393 
90  =  3.54330 
91  =  3.58267 
92  =  3.62204 

132  =  5.19684 
133  =  5.23621 
134  =  5.27558 
135  =  5.31495 
136=5.35432 

49  =  1.92913 
50=1.96850 
51  =  2.00787 
52  =  2.04724 
53  =  2.08661 

93=3.66141 
94  =  3.70078 
95  =  3.74015 
96=3.77952 
97  =  3.81889 

137=5.39369 
138  =  5.43306 
139  =  5.47243 
140  =  5.51180 
141  =  5.55117 

54  =  2.12598 
55  =  2.16535 
56  =  2.20472 
57  =  2.24409 
58  =  2.28346 

98=3.85826 
99=3.89763 
100  =  3.93700 
101  =  3.97637 
102=4.01574 

142  =  5.59054 
143  =  5.62991 
144  =  5.66928 
145  =  5.70865 
146  =  5.74802 

59  =  2.32283 
60  =  2.36220 
61  =  2.40157 
62  =  2.44094 
63  =  2.48031 

103=4.05511 
104=4.09448 
105=4.13385 
106  =  4.17322 
107  =  4.21259 

147  =  5.78739 
148  =  5.82676 
149  =  5.86613 
150  =  5.90550 
151  =  5.94487 

64  =  2.51968 
65  =  2.55905 
66  =  2.59842 
67  =  2.63779 
68  =  2.67716 

108=4.25196 
109  =  4.29133 
110  =  4.33070 
111=4.37007 
112=4.40944 

152  =  5.98424 
153  =  6.02361 
154  =  6.06298 
155  =  6.10235 
156  =  6.14172 

69  =  2.71653 
70  =  2.75590 
71  =  2.79527 
72  =  2.83464 
73  =  2.87401 

113  =  4.44881 
114  =  4.48818 
115  =  4.52755 
116  =  4.56692 
117=4.60629 

157  =  6.18109 
158  =  6.22046 
159  =  6.25983 
160  =  6.29920 
161=6.33857 

74  =  2.91338 
75  =  2.95275 
76  =  2.99212 
77  =  3.03149 

118=4.64566 
119  =  4.68503 
120  =  4.72440 
121=4.76377 

162  =  6.37794 
163  =  6.41731 
164  =  6.45668 
165=6.49605 

lmm.  =  03937  In.       10m.        =1  Meter  =  39.37  In. 
10  mm.  =  1  Centimeter  =0.3937  In.       25.4  mm.  =  1  English  In. 
10cm.  =1  Decimeter  =3.937    In. 

58 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


58 


TABLE  OF  EQUIVALENTS  OF  MILLIMETERS 
IN  DECIMALS  OF  INCHES 

mm.       inches 
166  =  6.53542 
167  =  6.57479 
168  =  6.61416 
169  =  6.65353 
170  =  6.69290 

mm.        inches 
211=8.30707 
212  =  8.34644 
213  =  8.38581 
214  =  8.42518 
215  =  8.46455 

mm.       inches 
256  =  10.07872 
257  =  10.11809 
258  =  10.15746 
259  =  10.19683 
260  =  10.23620 

171  =  6.73227 
172  =  6.77164 
173  =  6.81101 
174  =  6.85038 
175  =  6.88975 

216  =  8.50392 
217  =  8.54329 
218  =  8.58266 
219  =  8.62203 
220=8.66140 

261  =  10.27557 
262  =  10.31494 
263=10.35431 
264=10.39368 
265  =  10.43305 

176  =  6.92912 
177  =  6.96849 
178  =  7.00786 
179  =  7.04723 
180  =  7.08660 

221  =  8.70077 
222  =  8.74014 
223  =  8.77951 

224  =  8.81888 
225  =  8.85825 

266  =  10.47242 
267  =  10.51179 
268  =  10.55116 
269  =  10.59053 
270  =  10.62990 

181  =  7.12597 
182  =  7.16534 
183  =  7.20471 
184  =  7.24408 
185  =  7.28345 

226  =  8.89762 
227  =  8.93699 
228  =  8.97636 
229  =  9.01573 
230=9.05510 

271  =  10.66927 
272  =  10.70864 
273  =  10.74801 
274=10.78738 
275  =  10.82675 

186  =  7.32282 
187  =  7.36219 
188  =  7.40156 
189  =  7.44093 
190  =  7.48030 

231=9.09447 
232  =  9.13384 
233=9.17321 
234  =  9.21258 
235=9.25195 

276=10.86612 
277  =  10.90549 
278  =  10.94486 
279  =  10.98423 
280  =  11.02360 

191  =  7.51967 
192  =  7.55904 
193  =  7.59841 
194  =  7.63778 
195  =  7.67715 

236=9.29132 
237  =  9.33069 
238=9.37006 
239  =  9.40943 
240=9.44880 

281  =  11.06297 
282  =  11.10234 
283  =  11.14171 
284=11.18108 
285  =  11.22045 

196  =  7.71652 
197  =  7.75589 
198  =  7.79526 
199  =  7.83463 
200  =  7.87400 

241=9.48817 
242  =  9.52754 
243  =  9.56691 
244  =  9.60628 
245=9.64565 

286  =  11.25982 
287  =  11.29919 
288  =  11.33856 
289  =  11.37793 
290=11.41730 

201  =  7.91337 
202  =  7.95274 
203  =  7.99211 
204  =  8.03148 
205  =  8.07085 

246=9.68502 
247  =  9.72439 
248  =  9.76376 
249  =  9.80313 
250=9.84250 

291  =  11.45667 
292  =  11.49604 
293  =  11.53541 
294=11.57478 
295  =  11.61415 

206  =  8.11022 
207  =  8.14959 
208  =  8.18896 
209  =  8.22833 
210  =  8.26770 

251=9.88187 
252  =  9.92124 
253  =  9.96061 
254=9.99998 
255  =  10.03935 

296  =  11.65352 
297  =  11.69289 
298  =  11.73226 
299  =  11.77163 

1  mm.  =  03937  In.       10m.        =lMeter  =  39.37  In. 
10  mm.  =  1  Centimeter  =0.3937  In.       25.4  mm.  =  1  English  In. 
10cm.  =1  Decimeter  =3.937    In. 

59 


Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


59 


TABLE  SHOWING  THE  DIFFERENCE  BETWEEN 

THE    VARIOUS    STANDARDS    OF    GAUGES, 

FIGURED    IN  DECIMAL    PARTS   OF  AN  INCH 

°3 

§° 

o| 

w  hi 

|g 

Is 

.S3 

Ills 

No. 

feW 

%5 

wj 

•£S 

m 

"ills  05 

W^«-o 

*4 

£ 

6° 

|4 

Z 

.  n)  -C  c 

0000 

.460 

.454 

.454 

.393 

.4 

.40625 

000 

.40964 

.425 

.425 

.362 

.372 

.37500 

00 

.36480 

.380 

,380 

.331 

.348 

.34375 

0 

.32486 

.340 

.340 

.307 

.324 

.31250 

1 

.28930 

.300 

.300 

.283 

.3 

.28125 

2 

.25763 

.284 

.284 

.263 

.276 

.26562 

3 

.22942 

.259 

.259 

.244 

.252 

.25000 

4 

.20431 

.238 

.238 

.225 

.232 

.23437 

5 

.18194 

.220 

.220 

.207 

.212 

.21875 

6 

.16202 

.203 

.203 

.192 

.192 

.20312 

7 

.14428 

.180 

.180 

.177 

.176 

.18750 

8 

.12849 

.165 

.165 

,162 

.16 

.17187 

9 

.11443 

.148 

.148 

!l48 

.144 

.15625 

10 

.10189 

.134 

.134 

.135 

.128 

.14062 

11 

.09074 

.120 

.120 

.120 

.116 

.12500 

12 

.08081 

.109 

.109 

.105 

.104 

.10937 

13 

.07196 

.095 

.095 

.092 

.092 

.09375 

14 

.06408 

.083 

.083 

.080 

.08 

.07812 

15 

.05706 

.072 

•072 

.072 

.072 

.07031 

16 

.05082 

.065 

.065 

.063 

.064 

.06250 

17 

.04525 

.058 

.058 

.054 

.056 

.05625 

18 

.04030 

.049 

.049 

.047 

.048 

.05000 

19 

.03589 

.042 

.040 

.041 

.04 

.04375 

20 

.03196 

.035 

.035 

.035 

.036 

.03750 

21 

.02846 

.032 

.0315 

.032 

.032 

.03437 

22 

.025347 

.028 

.0295 

.028 

.028 

.03125 

23 

.022571 

.025 

.027 

.025 

.024 

.02812 

24 

.0201 

.022 

.025 

.023 

.022 

.02500 

25 

.0179 

.020 

.023 

.020 

.02 

.02187 

26 

.01594 

.018 

.0205 

.018 

.018 

.01875 

27 

.014195 

.016 

.01875 

.017 

.0164 

.01718 

28 

.012641 

.014 

.0165 

.016 

.0148 

.01562 

29 

.011257 

.013 

.0155 

,015 

.0136 

.01406 

30 

.010025 

.012 

.01375 

.014 

.0124 

.01250 

31 

.008928 

.010 

.01225 

.0135 

.0116 

.01093 

32 

.00795 

.009 

.01125 

.013 

.0108 

.01015 

33 

.00708 

.008 

.01025 

.011 

.01 

.00937 

34 

.0063 

.007 

.0095 

.01 

.0092 

.00859 

35 

.00561 

.005 

.009 

.0095 

.0084 

.00781 

36 

.005 

.004 

.0075 

.009 

.0076 

.00703 

37 

.00445 



.0065 

.0085 

.0068 

.00664 

38 

.003965 



.00575 

.008 

.006 

.00625 

39 

.003531 

.005 

.0075 

.0052 

40 

.003144 

.0045 

.007 

.0048 

Where  very  exact  measurements  are  required,  order  by 

thousandths  of  the  inch,  using  micrometer  gauge. 

60  Bridgeport    Brass    Company  60 


TABLE  SHOWING  THE  METRIC  SYSTEM  UNITS, 

SUBDIVISIONS  AND  MULTIPLES 

IN  GENERAL  USE 


LENGTH,— The  metric  unit  of  length  is  : 
k  Meter  (m)  39.37  inches. 

SUB-DIVISIONS  : 

Decimeter  (dm)  is  Vio  of  a  meter 3.937 

Centimeter  (cm)  is  Vioo  of  a  meter 0.3937 

Millimeter  (mm)  is  Viooo  of  a  meter 0.03937 

MULTIPLES  : 

A  Ztefometer   is  10  meters         393.7  inches=32. 8  feet. 

Hectometer  is        100      "  3937.         "      =109  yds.,  13  ins. 

Kilometer     is      1000      "          39370.        "      =   .62137  mile. 
Myriameter  is    10000      "       393700.         "      =6.2137 


WEIGHT,— The  metric  unit  of  weight  is : 

A  Gram  (g)  (equivalent  to  a  cubic  centimeter  of  water)  1 5.432   grains. 
SUB-DIVISIONS  I 

£tec;'gram  (dg)  is  J/io  of  a  gram 1.5432 

Cew//gram  (eg)  is  Vioo  of  a  gram 0.1543      " 

Milligram  (mg)  is  Viooo  of  a  giarn 0.01543  " 

MULTIPLES  I 

A  Decagram  (dkg)  is          10  grams,      154.320  grains=      0.3527oz. 
Hectogram  (hg)    is       100    "  1540.320      "      =      3.5274" 

Kilogram     (kg)    is     1000    "         15430.20        "      —      2.2046  Ibs. 
Myriasrzm  (my?)  is  10000    "      154320.0          "      =22.046    " 
Quintal  is  100000    "    1543200.  "      =220.46       " 

Millier or tonneaul  000000    "15432000.0          "      =2204.6 
or  Metric  Ton.  0.9842  tons. 


CAPACITY,  (Liquid  Measure)— The  metric  unit  of  capacity  is  : 
A  Liter  (which  is  1000  cubic  centimeters,  1.0567  quarts. 
SUB-DIVISIONS  : 

A  Deciliter  (<#),  Vio  of  a  liter 0.1056  quarts=0.845  gill, 

CV«tfliter  (c/),  Vioo  of  a  liter 0.0105      "      =  0.338  fl.  oz. 

Milliliter  (ml),  Viooo  of  a  liter 0.00105   "      =0.27  fl.  dr. 

MULTILPES  : 

A£>e/taliter  (dkl),  10  liters        10.567  quarts=      2,6417  gallons. 

//Politer,  100    "         105.67        "     =    26.417 

Kiloliter,  or  Stere  1 000     "       1056,7          "     =264,17 

In  the  metric  system  Latin  prefixes  (DKCI,  etc.,)  are  used  for  subdivisions  and  Greek 
prefixes  (DEKA,  etc.,)  for  multiples. 


61 


Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


61 


METRIC  SYSTEM  EQUIVALENTS  IN  INCHES, 

FEET  AND  YARDS,  ETC. 

Meters  :      Equivalent  in  Inches: 

Equivalent  in  Feet  :   Equivalent  in  Yards: 

1                         39.37 

3.28083                    1.093611 

2                        78-74 

6-56167                   2.287222 

3                      118.11 

9-84250                    3-280833 

4                      157.48 

13-12333                   4.374444 

5                      196-85 

16.40417                   5-468056 

6                      236.22 

19.68500                    6-561667 

7                      275.59 

22-96583                    7-655278 

8                      314.96 

26-24667                    8-748889 

9                      354.33 

29-52750                    9-842500 

SQUARE  MEASURE 

Square 
Centime- 
ters: 

Equivalent  in 
Square 
Inches  : 

Square 
Meters  : 

Equivalent  in 
Square 
Feet: 

Square 
Meters  : 

Equivalent  in 
Square 
Yards  : 

1 

0-155 

1 

10.764 

1 

1.196 

2 

0-310 

2 

21-528 

2 

2.392 

3 

•     0-465 

3 

32-292 

3 

3-588 

4 

0-620 

4 

43-055 

4 

4-784 

5 

0-775 

5 

53-819 

5 

5-980 

6 

0.930 

6 

64.583 

6 

7-176 

7 

1.085 

7 

75-347 

7 

8-372 

g 

1  -240 

8 

86-111 

8 

9-568 

9 

1-395 

9 

96-874 

9 

10-764 

ENGLISH  SYSTEM  EQUIVALENTS  IN  CENTIMETERS 

AND  METERS 

Inches  : 

Equivalent  in 
Centimeters  : 

Feet: 

Equivalent  in 
Meters: 

Yards  : 

Equivalent  in 
Meters  : 

1 

2-54     • 

1 

0.304801 

1 

0.914402 

2 

5-08 

2 

0.609601 

2 

1.828804 

3 

7-62 

3 

0.914402 

3 

2.743205 

4 

10-16 

4 

1.219202 

4 

3-657607 

5 

12.70 

5 

1-524003 

5 

4.572009 

6 

15.24 

6 

1.828804 

6 

5.486411 

7 

17.78 

7 

2-133604 

7 

6-400813 

8 

20.32 

8 

2.438405 

8 

7.315215 

9 

22  86 

9 

2.743205 

9 

8.229616 

SQUARE  MEASURE 

Square 
Inch: 

Equivalent  in 
Square 
Centimeters  : 

Square 
Feet  :  . 

Equivalent  in 
Square 
Meters  : 

Square 
Yards  : 

Equivalent  in 
Square 
Meters  : 

1 

6.452 

1 

0-09290 

1 

0.836 

2 

12.903 

2 

0.18581 

2 

1-672 

3 

19.355 

3 

0-27871 

3 

2-508 

4 

25.807 

4 

0.37161 

4 

3.344 

5 

32.258 

5 

0.46452 

5 

4-181 

6 

38-710 

6 

0.55742 

6 

5-017 

7 

45.161 

7 

0.65032 

7 

5-853 

8 

51.613 

8 

0.74323 

8 

6.689 

9 

58-065 

9 

0-83613 

9 

7.525 

62 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company  62 


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FLOW  OF  WATER  IN  CIRCULAR  PIPES  PER  CU 

on  Clean  Pipe  Interio  ete  of  o  12  Inches.  (Arrang 


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Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


65 


QUANTITY  OF  WATER  IN  CU.  FT.  PER  MINUTE 
DICHARGED  FROM  HOUSE  SERVICE  PIPES 

It  is  assumed  that  Pipes  are  Straight  and  Smooth  Inside. 
From  Data  Furnished  Thompson  Meter  Co.  by   E.  Kuichling,  C.  E. 

3ressure 
in     M  ain 
Pounds 
per  Sq  In 

Nominal  Diameter  of  Pipes  in  Inches 

H 

94 

% 

1 

\yz 

2 

3 

4 

6 

Through  35ft.  of  Service  Pipe,  no  Back  Pressure 

30 
40 
50 
60 
75 
100 
130 

.10 

.27 
.42 
.56 
.74 
2.01 
2.29 

1.92 
2.22 
2.48 
2.71 
3.03 
3.50 
3.99 

3.01 
3.48 
3.89 
4.26 
4.77 
5.50 
6.28 

6.13 
7.08 
7.92 
8.67 
9.70 
11.20 
12.77 

16.58 
19.14 
21.40 
23.44 
26.21 
30.27 
34.51 

33.34 
38.50 
43.04 
47.15 
52.71 
60.87 
69.40 

88.16 
101.80 
113.82 
124.68 
139.39 
160.96 
183.52 

173.85 
200.75 
224.44 
245.87 
274.89 
317.41 
361.91 

444.63 
513.42 
574.02 
628.81 
703.03 
811.79 
925.58 

Through  100ft.  of  Service  Pipe,  no  Back  Pressure 

30 
40 
50 
60 

75 
100 
130 

0.66 
0.77 
0.86 
0.94 
1.05 
1.22 
1.39 

.16 
.34 
.50 
.65 
.84 
2.13 
2.42 

1.84 
2.12 
2.37 
2.60 
2.91 
3.36 
3.83 

3.78 
4.36 
4.88 
5.34 
5.97 
6.90 
7.86 

10.40 
12.01 
13.43 
14.71 
16.45 
18.99 
21.66 

21.30 
24.59 
27.50 
30.12 
33.68 
38.89 
44.34 

58.19 
67.19 
75.13 
82.30 
92.01 
106.24 
121.14 

118.13 
136.41 
152.51 
167.06 
186.78 
215.68 
245.91 

317.23 
366.30 
409.54 
448.63 
501.58 
579.18 
660.36 

Through  100ft.  of  Service  Pipe,  and  15ft.  Vertical  Rise 

30 
40 
50 
60 
75 
100 
130 

0.55 
0.66 
0.75 
0.83 
0.94 
1.10 
1.26 

0.96 
1.15 
1.31 
1.45 
1.64 
1.92 
2.20 

1.52 
1.81 
2.06 
2.29 
2.59 
3.02 
3.48 

3.11 
3.72 
4.24 
4.70 
5.32 
6.21 
7.14 

8.57 
10.24 
11.67 
12.94 
14.64 
17.10 
19.66 

17.55 
20.95 
23.87 
26.48 
29.96 
35.00 
40.23 

47.90 
57.20 
65.18 
72.28 
81.79 
95.55 
109.82 

9T.17 
116.01 
132.20 
146.61 
165.90 
193.82 
222.75 

260.56 
311.09 
354.49 
393.13 
444.58 
519.72 
597.31 

Through  100ft.  of  Service  Pipe,  and  30ft.  Vertical  Rise 

30 
40 
50 
60 
75 
100 
130 

0.44 
0.55 
0.65 
0.73 
0.84 
1.00 
1.15 

0.77 
0.97 
1  14 
1.28 

1.47 
1.74 
2.02 

1.22 
1.53 
1.79 
2.02 
2.32 
2.75 
3.19 

2.50 
3.15 
3.69 
4.15 

4.77 
5.65 
6.55 

6.80 
8.68 
10.16 
11.45 
13.15 
15.58 
18.07 

14.11 
17.79 
20.82 
23.47 
26.95 
31.93 
37.02 

38.63 
48.68 
56.98 
64.22 
73.76 
87.38 
101.33 

78.54 
98.98 
115.87 
130.59 
149.99 
177.67 
206.04 

211.54 
266.59 
312.08 
351.73 
403.98 
478.55 
554.96 

Deliveries  will  be  greater  if: 
First,  If  the  pipe  between  meter  and  the  main  is  of  larger  diameter 
than  outlet. 
Second,  If  main  is  tapped,  say  for  1-inch  pipe,  but  enlarged  from  the 
tap  to  \l/i  or  1  >2  inch;  or, 
Third,  If  pipe  on  outlet  is  larger  than  that  on  inlet  side  of  meter. 

66 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


Quantity  of  Water  Discharged  and  FrictionLoss  ir 

Plotted  from  Ellis  &  Rowland's  Table  by  Walter  R.  Clark 

Cubic  Foot  per  Minute  Flov 


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V  =  Velocity    n  feet  per  second 
G  =  Gallons  per  minute 
F  =  Pounds  friction  loss  per  100  feet 

37                         Bridgeport,      Connecticut                        67 

^leanStraightPipes  at  Different  Velocities  of  Flow 

>h.  B.,  Designing  Engineer  with  Bridgeport  Brass  Co. 

^ubic  Foot  per  Minute  Flow 

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Example  II.     Given  4*  I.D.  pipe  and  5  ft.  per  second  velocity.     At  intersection  read 
down   and  get  196  G.P.M.  and  up  to  get  26  cu.  ft.  flow  read  to  left   and    get  2.7  ft. 
head  loss  and  to  right  and  get  1.17  Ibs.  pressure  drop  per  100  ft. 
Q  =  .245  V  D2 
F  ==  .03  Q2/D5  for  V  >  3 
D  =  Diameter  in    nches 

68 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


TABLE  SHOWING  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES  FOR  DIAMETERS 

Advancing 

Diameters  of  Circles  in  Inches 

Fractions  of  Inch 

Otbft 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

.7854 

3.1416 

7.0686 

12.566 

y«4 

.0002 

.8101 

3.1907 

7.1422 

12.664 

y82 

.0008 

.8342 

3.2403 

7.2163 

12.763 

3/64 

.0017 

.8607 

3.2903 

7.2908 

12.862 

y»« 

.0031 

.8866 

3.3410 

7.3662 

12.962 

6/64 

.0048 

.9128 

3.3917 

7.4414 

13.062 

3/32 

.0069 

.9395 

3.4428 

7.5170 

13.162 

V64 

.0094 

.9664 

3.4946 

7.5935 

13.263 

l/8 

.0123 

.9940 

3.5466 

7.6699 

13.364 

9/64 

.0155 

1.0218 

3.5986 

7.7467 

13.465 

/32 

.0192 

1.0500 

3.6515 

7.8238 

13.567 

n/64 

.0232 

1.0786 

3.7045 

7.9013 

13.669 

3/16 

.0276 

1.1075 

3.7583 

7.9798 

13.772 

13/64 

.0324 

1.1368 

3.8120 

8.0580 

13.875 

7/32 

.0376 

1.1665 

3.8662 

8.1368 

13.978 

15/6  4 

.0431 

1.1967 

3.9211 

8.2162 

14.082 

l/4 

.0491 

1.2272 

3.9761 

8.2958 

14.186 

17/64 

.0554 

1.2592 

4.0314 

8.3755 

14.290 

9/32 

.0621 

•  1.2892 

4.0871 

8.4558 

14.395 

19/64 

.0692 

1.3209 

4.1431 

8.5364 

14.500 

Vl6 

.0767 

1.3530 

4.2000 

8.6179 

14.607 

21/64 

.0846 

1.3853 

4.2569 

8.6992 

14.712 

U/32 

.0928 

1.4189 

4.3141 

8.7810 

14.819 

23/64 

.1014 

1.4512 

4.3721 

8.8636 

14.926 

3/8 

.1105 

1.4849 

4.4301 

8.9462 

15.033 

25/64 

.1199 

1.5187 

4.4884 

9.0290 

15.140 

13/32 

.1296 

1.5531 

4.5472 

9.1123 

15.248 

27/64 

.1398 

1.5878 

4.6064 

9.1960 

15.356 

Vl6 

.1503 

1.6230 

4.6664 

9.2806 

15.466 

29/64 

.1613 

1.6585 

4.7263 

9.3650 

15.574 

15/32 

.1726 

1.6942 

4.7866 

9.4498 

15.684 

31/64 

.1842 

1.7305 

4.8477 

9.5355 

15.794 

69 


Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


69 


IN  INCHES  AND  FRACTIONS  OF  INCHES  &  TO  ft  INC. 

by  Aths 

Fractions  of  Inch 
Otofi 

Diameters  of  Circles  in  Inches 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

VM 
V" 

V" 
V«4 
V«4 
U/M 
13/.4 
»/•« 
"/•4 
19/«4 
21/«4 
2V«4 

*/«« 

f/M 

«/.« 

»/«4 

Vs. 
VM 
V" 

v« 

•/•» 

"/•» 

13/32 
U/«« 

»/M 

Va 

6A. 

Vl6 

Vs 

V* 
3/8 

19.635 
19.757 
19.881 
20.004 
20.129 
20.253 
20.378 
20.503 
20.629 
20.755 
20.881 
21.007 
21.135 
21.262 
21.390 
21.519 
21.648 
21.776 
21.905 
22.035 
22.166 
22.296 
22.427 
22.559 
22.691 
22.822 
22.955 
23.087 
23.221 
23.355 
23.488 
23.624 

28.274 
28.421 
28.569 
28.717 
28.866 
29.015 
29.164 
29.315 
29.465 
29.615 
29.766 
29.917 
30.069 
30.221 
30.373 
30.526 
30.680 
30.833 
30.986 
31.140 
31.296 
31.451 
31.606 
31.763 
31.919 
32.075 
32.232 
32.389 
32.548 
32.706 
32.864 
33.024 

38.485 
38.656 
38.828 
39.001 
39.175 
39.348 
39.522 
39.696 
39.871 
40.046 
40.221 
40.397 
40.547 
40.750 
40.927 
41.105 
41.282 

50.265 

63.617 

51.849 
53.456 

65.397 

67.201 

42.718 

55.088 

69.029 

70 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


TABLE  SHOWING  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES  FOR  DIAMETERS 

Fractions  of  Inches 
fftoff 

Diameters  of  Circles  in  Inches 

0 

1 

2 

3                4 

'/• 

.1964 

1.7671 

4.9087 

9.6211     15.904 

33/64 

.2087 

1.8041 

4.9701 

9.707 

16.015 

17/32 

.2217 

1.8415 

5.0320 

9.792 

16.125 

35/64 

.2349 

1.8793 

5.0942 

9.880 

16.237 

Via 

.2485 

1.9175 

5.1572 

9.968 

16.349 

37/64 

.2625 

1.9560 

5.2202 

10.055 

16.461 

19/S2 

.2769 

1.9949 

5.2835 

10.143 

16.573 

39/64 

.2917 

2.0342 

5.3478 

10.232 

16.687 

5/8 

.3068 

2.0739 

5.4119 

10.321 

16.800 

41/64 

.3223 

2.1140 

5.4764 

10.409 

16.914 

21/32 

.3382 

2.1544 

5.5412- 

10.499 

17.027 

43/64 

.3537 

2.1952 

5.6066 

10.589 

17.142 

"/le 

.3712 

2.2365 

5.6727 

10.680 

17.257 

45/64 

.3883 

2.2781 

5.7387 

10.770 

17.372 

23/32 

.4057 

2.3202 

5.8051 

10.861 

17.488 

47/64 

.4236 

2.3625 

5.8723 

10.953 

17.604 

3/4 

.4418 

2.4053 

5.9396 

11.045 

17.728 

49/64 

.4603 

2.4484 

6.0071 

11.137 

17.837 

25/32 

.4794 

2.4919 

6.0751 

11.229 

17.954 

"/64 

.4988 

2.5358 

6.1434 

11.322 

18.071 

13/16 

.5185 

2.5802 

6.2126 

11.416 

18.190 

63/64 

.5383 

2.6248 

6.2817 

11.509 

18.308 

27/32 

.5591 

2.6690 

6.3512 

11.603 

18.426 

55/64 

.5800 

2.7153 

6.4214 

11.698 

18.546 

7/8 

.6013 

2.7612 

6.4918 

11.793 

18.665 

57/64 

.6229 

2.8073 

6.5624 

11.888 

18.785 

29/32 

.6450 

2.8539 

6.6335 

11.984 

18.905 

59/64 

.6675 

2.9008 

6.7049 

12.080 

19.025 

"/I. 

.6903 

2.9483 

6.7771 

12.177 

19.147 

«/64 

.7135 

2.9960 

6.8493 

12.273 

19.268 

31/32 

.7371 

3.0441 

6.9218 

12.370 

19.390 

63/64 

.7667 

3.0926 

6.9952 

12.468 

19.512 

Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


71 


IN  INCHES  AND  FRACTIONS  OF  INCHES  FROM  Y2TO^ 

Fractions  of  Inches 

if  toe 

Diameters  of  Circles  in  Inches 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

33/64 
35/64 

37/64 
39/64 

•/« 

43/64 

45/64 
47/64 
49/64 
51/64 

B3/64 

55/64 
57/64 
69/64 
61/64 
63/64 

17/32 
19/32 
21/32 
23/32 
25/32 
27/32 
29/32 
31/32 

»/« 

9/lC 
5/8 
U/16 
3/4 
13/1« 
7/8 
15/16 

23.758 
23.893 
24.028 
24.152 
24.301 
24.438 
24.574 
24.713 
24.850 
24.988 
25.127 
25.265 
25.406 
25.545 
25.685 
25.826 
25.967 
26.108 
26.249 
26.391 
26.535 
26.677 
26.820 
26.965 
27.109 
27.253 
27.397 
27.542 
27.688 
27.834 
27.980 
28.127 

33.183 
33.343 
33.502 
33.663 
33.824 
33.985 
34.147 
34.309 
34.472 
34.634 
34.797 
34.960 
35.125 
35.289 
35.454 
35.619 
35.785 
35.950 
36.116 
36.283 
36.450 
36.618 
36.785 
36.954 
37.122 
37.291 
37.460 
37.629 
37.800 
37.971 
38.141 
38.313 

44.179 

56.745 

70.882 

45.664 

58.426 

72.760 



47.173 

60.132 

74.662 

48.707 

61.862 

76.589 





72 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


72 


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73 


Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


73 


TABLE  SHOWING  POUND  EQUIVALENTS  IN 
KILOGRAMS 


Kilo- 
grams. 


.4535 

.9070 

.3605 

.8140 

.2675 

.7210 

.1745 

.6280 

.0815 

.5350 

.9885 

.4420 

.8955 

.3490 

.8025 

.2560 

.7095 

.1630 

.6165 

.07 

.5235 

.9770 

.4305 

.8840 

.3375 


Kilo- 
grams. 


11 

12 

12 

13 

13 

14 

14 

14  . 

15 

15 

16 

16 

17 

17 

18 

18 

19 

19 

19 

20 

20 

21 

21 

22 

22 


7910 
2445 
6980 
1515 
6050 
0585 
5120 
9655 
.4190 
.8725 
.3260 
.7795 
.2330 
.6865 
.14 
.5935 
.0470 
.5005 
.9540 
.4075 
.8610 
.3145 
.7680 
.2215 
.6750 


Kilo- 
grams. 


.1285 

.5820 

.0355 

.4890 

.9425 

.3960 

.8495 

.3030 

.7565 

.21 

.6635 

.1170 

.5705 

.0240 

.4775 

.9310 

.3845 

.8380 

.2915 

.7450 

.1985 

.6520 

.1055 

.5590 

.0125 


76 
77 
78 
79 
80 
81 
82 
83 
84 
85 
86 
87 
88 
89 
90 
91 
92 
93 
94 
95 
96 
97 
98 
99 
100 


Kilo- 
grams. 


.4660 

.9195 

.3730 

.8265 

.28 

.7335 

.1870 

.6405 

.0940 

.5475 

.0010 

.4545 

.9080 

.3615 

.8150 

.2685 

.7220 

.1755 

.6290 

.0825 

.5360 

.9895 

.4430 

.8965 

.35 


Metric  and  English  Measures: 


To  convert  millimeters  into  inches,  multiply  by  .03937. 
To  convert  meters*  into  inches  (or  millimeters  into  mils), 
multiply  by  39.37. 

To  convert  meters  into  feet,  multiply  by  3.81. 
To  convert  meters  into  yards,  multiply  by  1.094. 
Toconvert  kilometers  into  statute  miles,  multiply  by  .6214. 
To  convert  kilometers  into  nautical  miles,  multiply  by  .539. 


*  For  the  purpose  of  memory,  a  meter  may  be  considered  as 
three  feet  three  inches  and  a  third. 


74 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


74 


TABLE  SHOWING  ARE  AS  OF  CIRCLES  FOR  DIAM- 

ETERS IN  INCHES  AND  DECIMALS  OF  INCHES, 

0.1  TO  10.0  INCHES 

Advancing  by  0.1 

Diameter 

Area 

Circumfer- 
ence 

Diameter 

Area 

Circumfer- 
ence 

0.1 

.007854 

.31416 

4.0 

12.5664 

12.5664 

.2 

.031416 

.62832 

.1 

13.2025 

12.8805 

.3 

.070686 

.94248 

.2 

13.8544 

13.1947 

.4 

.12566 

1.2566 

.3 

14.5220 

13.5088 

.5 

.19635 

1.5708 

.4 

15.2053 

13.8230 

.6 

.28274 

1.8850 

.5 

15.9043 

14.1372 

.7 

.38485 

2.1991 

.6 

16.6190 

14.4513 

.8 

.50266 

2.5133 

.7 

17.3494 

14.7655 

.9 

.63617 

2.8274 

.8 

18.0956 

15.0796 

1.0 

.7854 

3.1416 

.9 

18.8574 

15.3938 

.1 

.9503 

3.4558 

5.0 

19.6350 

15.7080 

.2 

1.1310 

3.7699 

.1 

20.4282 

16.0221 

.3 

1.3273 

4.0841 

.2 

21.2372 

16.3363 

.4 

1.5394 

4.3982 

.3 

22.0618 

16.6504 

.5 
.6 
.7 
.8 
.9 

1.7671 
2.0106 
2.2698 
2.5447 
2.8353 

4.7128 
5.0265 
5.3407 
5.6549 
5.9690 

.4 
.5 
.6 
.7 
.8 
.9 

22.9022 
23.7583 
24.6301 
25.5176 
26.4208 
27.3397 

16.9646 
17.2788 
17.5929 
17.9071 
18.2212 
18.5354 

2.0 
.1 
.2 
.3 
.4 

3.1416 
3.4636 
3.8013 
4.1548 
4.5239 

6.2832 
6.5973 
6.9115 

7.2257 
7.5398 

6.0 
.1 
.2 
.3 
.4 

28.2743 
29.2247 
30.1907 
31.1725 
32.1699 

18.8496 
19.1637 
19.4779 
19.7920 
20.1062 

.5 

4.9087 

7.8540 

.5 

33.1831 

20.4204 

.6 

.7 
.8 
.9 

5.3093 
5.7256 
6.1575 
6.6052 

8.1681 
8.4823 
8.7965 
9.1106 

.6 

.7 
.8 
.9 

34.2119 
35.2565 
36.3168 
37.3928 

20.7345 
21.0487 
21.3628 
21.6770 

3.0 

7.0686 

9.4248 

7.0 

38.4845 

21.9911 

.1 

7.5477 

9.7398 

.1 

39.5919 

22.3053 

.2 

8.0425 

10.0531 

.2 

40.7150 

22.6195 

.3 

8.5530 

10.3673 

.3 

41.8539 

22.9336 

.4 

9.0792 

10.6814 

.4 

43.0084 

23.2478 

.5 

9.6211 

10.9956 

.5 

44.1786 

23.5619 

.6 

10.1788 

11.3097 

.6 

45.3646 

23.8761 

.7 

10.7521 

11.6239 

.7 

46.5663 

24.1903 

.8 

11.3411 

11.9381 

.8 

47.7836 

24.5044 

.9 

11.9459 

12.2522 

.9 

49.0167 

24.8186 

75 


Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


75 


TABLE  SHOWING  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES  FOR  DIAM- 

ETERS IN  INCHES  AND  DECIMALS  OF  INCHES, 

0.1  TO  10.0  INCHES—  (Continued.) 

Advancing  by  0.1 

Diameter 

8.0 
.1 

.2 
.3 
.4 

Area 

Circumfer- 
ence 

Diameter 

Area 

Circumfer- 
ence 

50.2655 
51.5300 
52.8102 
54.1061 
55.4177 

25.1327 
25.4469 
25.7611 
26.0752 
26.3894 

9.0 
.1 
.2 
.3 
.4 

63.6173 
65.0388 
66.4761 
67.9291 
69.3978 

28.2743 
28.5885 
28.9027 
29.2168 
29.5310 

.5 
.6 
.7 
.8 
.9 

56.7450 
58.0880 
59.4468 
60.8212 
62.2114 

26.7035 
27.0177 
27.3319 
27.6460 
27.9602 

.5 
.6 
.7 
.8 
.9 

70.8822 
72.3823 
73.8981 
75.4296 
76.9769 

29.8451 
30.1593 
30.4734 
30.7876 
31.1018 

AREAS,  ETC.,   OF  REGULAR  POLYGONS 

9 

•S 

1 

tS 

1 

Name 

Ill- 

SB'S- 
iJ'll 

^"o.S'O 

]! 

alS 
<J  w 

fl    o 

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s^g" 

S«  P.«3 

si£l 

o  a 

IE 

J34l2 

Ck  3-53 

-•HS 
o  b^-H 

!«: 

CS  (_   )-,  T3 

an'u'0'53 

.•s.i'sL 

Hi- 

Us! 

J  £  0  0 

3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 

Triangle  .  .  . 
Square  .... 
Pentag  .... 
Hexag  
Heptag  
Octag  
Nonag  
Decag  
Undecag.  .  . 
Dodecag.  .  . 

1.299 
1.000 
.908 
.866 
.843 
.828 
.819 
.812 
.807 
.804 

0.433 
1.000 
1.720 
2.598 
3.634 
4.828 
6.182 
7.694 
9.366 
11.196 

3.464 
2.000 
1.453 
1.155 
.963 
.828 
.728 
.650 
.587 
.536 

0.289 
0.500 
0.688 
0.866 
.039 
.207 
.374 
.539 
.703 
.866 

.577 
.707 
.851 
1.000 
1.152 
1.307 
1.462 
1.618 
1.775 
1.932 

1.732 
1.414 
1.176 
1.000 
.868 
.765 
.684 
.618 
.563 
.518 

Area  of  any  regular  polygon  =  Radius  of  inscribed  circle 
X  number  of  sides  X  length  of  one  side  -f-  2. 

76                Bridgeport    Brass    Company                76 

CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES 

Diam. 

Circum- 

Area 

Diam. 

Circum- 

Area 

Inches. 

ference. 

Sq.  Inches. 

Inches 

ference 

Sq.  Inches. 

1 

3.1416 

0.7854 

66 

207.34 

3421.19 

2 

6.2832 

3.1416 

67 

210.49 

3525.65 

3 

9.4248 

7.0686 

68 

213.63 

3631.68 

4 

12.5664 

12.5664 

69 

216.77 

3739.28 

5 

15.7080 

19.635 

70 

219.91 

3848.45 

6 

18.850 

28.274 

71 

223.05 

3959.19 

7 

21.991 

38.485 

72 

226.19 

4071.50 

8 

25.133 

50.266 

73 

229  34 

4185.39 

9 

28.274 

63.617 

74 

232.48 

4300.84 

10 

31.416 

78.540 

75 

235.62 

4417.86 

11 

34.558 

95.033 

76 

238.76 

4536.46 

12 

37.699 

113.10 

77 

241.90 

4656.63 

13 

40.841 

132.73 

78 

245.04 

4778.36 

14 

43.982 

153.94 

79 

248.19 

4901.67 

15 

47.124 

176.71 

80 

251.33 

5026.55 

16 

50.265 

201.06 

81 

254.47 

5153.00 

17 

53.407 

226.98 

82 

257.61 

5281.02 

18 

56.549 

254.47 

83 

260.75 

5410.61 

19 

59.690 

283.53 

84 

263.89 

5541.77 

20 

62.832 

314.16 

85 

267.04 

5674.50 

21 

65.973 

346.36 

86 

270.18 

5808.80 

22 

69.115 

380.13 

87 

273.32 

5944.68 

23 

72.25? 

415.48 

88 

276.46 

6082.12 

24 

75.398 

452.39 

89 

279.60 

6221.14 

25 

78.540 

490.87 

90 

282.74 

6361.73 

26 

81.681 

530.93 

91 

285.88 

6503.88 

27 

84.823 

572.56 

92 

289.03 

6647.61 

28 

87.965 

615.75 

93 

292.17 

6792.91 

29 

91.106 

660.52 

94 

295.31 

6939.78 

30 

94.248 

706.86 

95 

298.45 

7088.22 

31 

97.389 

754.77 

96 

301.59 

7238.23 

32 

100.53 

804.25 

97 

304.73 

7389.81 

33 

103.67 

855.30 

98 

307.88 

7542.96 

34 

106.81 

907.92 

99 

311.02 

7697.69 

35 

109.96 

962.11 

100 

314.16 

7853.98 

36 

113.  10 

1017.88 

101 

317.30 

8011.85 

37 

116.24 

1075.21 

102 

320.44 

8171.28 

38 

119.38 

1134.11 

103 

323.58 

8332.29 

39 

122.52 

1194.59 

104 

326.73 

8494.87 

40 

125.66 

1256.64 

105 

329.87 

8659.01 

41 

128.81 

1320.25 

106 

333.01 

8824.73 

42 

131.95 

1385.44 

107 

336.15 

8992.02 

43 

135.09 

1452.20 

108 

339.29 

9160.88 

44 

138.23 

1520.53 

109 

342.43 

9331.32 

45 

141.37 

1590.43 

110 

345.58 

9503.32 

46 

144.51 

1661.90 

111 

348.72 

9676.89 

47 

147.65 

1734.94 

112 

351.86 

9852.03 

48 

150.80 

1809.56 

113 

355.00 

10028.75 

49 

153.94 

1885.74 

114 

358.14 

10207.03 

50 

157.08 

1963.50 

115 

361.28 

10386.89 

51 

160.22 

2042.82 

116 

364.42 

10568.32 

52 

163.36 

2123.72 

117 

367.57 

10751.32 

53 

166.50 

2206.18 

118 

370.71 

10935.88 

54 

169.65 

2290.22 

119 

373.85 

11122.02 

55 

172.79 

2375.83 

120 

376.99 

11309.73 

56 

175.93 

2463.01 

121 

380.13 

11499.01 

57 

179.07 

2551.76 

122 

383.27 

11689.87 

58 

182.21 

2642.08 

123 

386.42 

11882.29 

59 

185.35 

2733.97 

124 

389.56 

12076.28 

60 

188.50 

2827.43 

125 

392.70 

12271.85 

61 

191.64 

2922.47 

126 

395.84 

12468.98 

62 

194.78 

3019.07 

127 

398.98 

12667.69 

63 

197.92 

3117.25 

128 

402.12 

12867.96 

64 

201.06 

3216.99 

129 

405.27 

13069.81 

65 

204.20 

3318.31 

130 

408.41 

13273.23 

77 


Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


77 


CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES 

Diam. 

Circum- 

Area 

Diam. 

Circum- 

Area 

Inches. 

ference. 

Sq.  Inches. 

Inches 

ference. 

Sq.  Inches. 

131 

411.55 

13478.22 

196 

615.75 

30171.86 

132 

414.69 

13684.78 

197 

618.89 

30480.52 

133 

417.83 

13892.91 

198 

622.04 

30790.75 

134 

420.97 

14102.61 

199 

625.18 

31102.55 

135 

424.12 

14313.88 

200 

628.32 

31415.93 

136 

427.26 

14526.72 

201 

631.46 

31730.87 

137 

430  40 

14741.14 

202 

634.60 

32047.39 

138 

433.54 

14957.12 

203 

637.74 

32365.47 

139 

436.68 

15174.68 

204 

640.88 

32685.13 

140 

439.82 

15393.80 

205 

644.03 

33006.36 

141 

442.96 

15614.50 

206 

647.17 

33329.16 

142 

446.11 

15836.77 

207 

650.31 

33653   53 

143 

449.25 

16060.61 

208 

653.45 

33979.47 

144 

452.39 

16286.02 

209 

656.59 

34306.98 

145 

455.53 

16513.00 

210 

659.73 

34636.06 

146 

458.67 

16741.55 

211 

662.88 

34966.71 

147 

461.81 

16971.67 

212 

666.02 

35298.94 

148 

464.96 

17203.36 

213 

669.16 

35632.73 

149 

468.10 

17436.62 

214 

672.30 

35968.09 

150 

471.24 

17671.46 

215 

675.44 

36305.03 

151 

474.38 

17907.86 

216 

678.58 

36643.54 

152 

477.52 

18145.84 

217 

681.73 

36983.61 

153 

480.66 

18385.39 

218 

684.87 

37325.26 

154 

483.81 

18626.50 

219 

688.01 

37668.48 

155 

486.95 

18869.19 

220 

691.15 

38013.27 

156 

490.09 

19113.45 

221 

694.29 

38359.63 

157 

493.23 

19359.28 

222 

697.43 

38707.56 

158 

496.37 

19606.68 

223 

700.58 

39057.07 

159 

499.51 

19855.65 

224 

703.72 

39408.14 

160 

502.65 

20106.19 

225 

706.86 

39760.78 

161 

505.80 

20358.31 

226 

710.00 

40115.00 

162 

508.94 

20611.99 

227 

713.14 

40470.78 

163 

512.08 

20867.24 

228 

716.28 

40828.14 

164 

515.22 

21124.07 

229 

719.42 

41187.07 

165 

518.36 

21382.46 

230 

722.57 

41547.56 

166 

521.50 

21642.43 

231 

725.71 

41909.63 

167 

524.65 

21903.97 

232 

728.85 

42273.27 

168 

527.79 

22167.08 

233 

731.99 

42638.48 

169 

530.93 

22431.76 

234 

735.13 

43005.26 

170 

534.07 

22698.01 

235 

738.27 

43373.61 

171 

537.21 

22965.83 

236 

741.42 

43743.54 

172 

540.35 

23235.22 

237 

744.56 

44115.03 

173 

543.50 

23506.18 

238 

747.70 

44488.09 

174 

546.64 

23778.71 

239 

750.84 

44862.73 

175 

549.78 

24052.82 

240 

753.98 

45238.93 

176 

552.92 

24328.49 

241 

757.12 

45616.71 

177 

556.06 

24605.74 

242 

760.27 

45996.06 

178 

559.20 

24884.56 

243 

763.41 

46376.98 

179 

562.35 

25164.94 

244 

766.55 

46759.47 

180 

565.49 

25446.90 

245 

769.69 

47143.52 

181 

568.63 

25730.43 

246 

772.83 

47529.16 

182 

571.77 

26015.53 

247 

775.97 

47916.36 

183 

574.91 

26302.20 

248 

779.11 

48305.13 

184 

578.05 

26590.44 

249 

782.26 

48695.47 

185 

581.19 

26880.25 

250 

785.40 

49087.39 

186 

584.34 

27171.63 

251 

788.54 

49480.87 

187 

587.48 

27464.59 

252 

791.68 

49875.92 

188 

590.62 

27759.11 

253 

794.82 

50272.55 

189 

593.76 

28055.21 

254 

797.96 

50670.75 

190 

596.90 

28352.87 

255 

801.11 

51070.52 

191 

600.04 

28652.11 

256 

804.25 

51471.85 

192 

603.19 

28952.92 

257 

807.39 

51874.76 

193 

606.33 

29255.30 

258 

810.53 

52279.24 

194 

609.47 

29559.25 

259 

813.67 

52685.29 

195 

612.61 

29864.77 

260 

816.81 

53092.92 

78 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


78 


CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CIRCLE 

Diam. 

Circum- 

Area 

Diam. 

Circum- 

Area 

Inches. 

ference. 

Sq.  Inches. 

Inches 

ference 

Sq.  Inches. 

261 

819.96 

53502.11 

326 

1024.16 

83468.98 

262 

823.10 

53912.87 

327 

1027.30 

83981.84 

263 

826.24 

54325.21 

328 

1030.44 

84496.28 

264 

829.38 

54739.11 

329 

1033.58 

85012.28 

265 

832.52 

55154.59 

330 

1036.73 

85529.86 

266 

835.66 

55571.63 

331 

1039.87 

86049.01 

267 

838.81 

55990.25 

332 

1043.01 

86569.73 

268 

841.95 

56410.44 

333 

1046.15 

87092.02 

269 

845.09 

56832.20 

334 

1049.29 

87615.88 

270 

848.23 

57255.53 

335 

1052.43 

88141.31 

271 

851.37 

57680.43 

336 

1055.58 

88668.31 

272 

854.51 

58106.90 

337 

1058.72 

89196.88 

273 

857.65 

58534.94 

338 

1061.86 

89727.03 

274 

860.80 

58964.55 

339 

1065.00 

90258.74 

275 

863.94 

59395.74 

340 

1068.14 

90792.03 

276 

867.08 

59828.49 

341 

1071.28 

91326.88 

277 

870.22 

60262.82 

342 

1074.42 

91863.31 

278 

873.36 

60698.71 

343 

1077.57 

92401.31 

279 

876.50 

61136.18 

344 

1080.71 

92940.88 

280 

879.65 

61575.22 

345 

1083.85 

93482.02 

281 

882   79 

62015.82 

346 

1086.99 

94024.73 

282 

885.93 

62458.00 

347 

1090.13 

94569.01 

283 

889.07 

62901.75 

348 

1093.27 

95114.86 

284 

892.21 

63347.07 

349 

1096.42 

95662.28 

285 

895.35 

63793.97 

350 

1099.56 

96211.28 

286 

898.50 

64242.43 

351 

1102.70 

96761.84 

287 

901.64 

64692.46 

352 

1105.84 

97313.97 

288 

904.78 

65144.07 

353 

1108.98 

97867.68 

289 

907.92 

65597.24 

354 

1112.12 

98422.96 

290 

911.06 

66051.99 

355 

1115.27 

98979.80 

291 

914.20 

66508.30 

356 

1118.41 

99538.22 

292 

917.35 

66966.19 

357 

1121.55 

100098.21 

293 

920.49 

67425.65 

358 

1124.69 

100659.77 

294 

923.63 

67886.68 

359 

1127.83 

101222.90 

295 

926.77 

68349.28 

360 

1130.97 

101787.60 

296 

929.91 

68813.45 

361 

1134.11 

102353.87 

297 

933.05 

69279.19 

362 

1137.26 

102921.72 

298 

936.19 

69746.50 

363 

1140.40 

103491.13 

299 

939.34 

70215.38 

364 

1143.54 

104062.12 

300 

942.48 

70685.83 

365 

1146.68 

104634.67 

301 

945.62 

71157.86 

366 

1149.82 

105208.80 

302 

948.76 

71631.45 

367 

1152.96 

105784.49 

303 

951.90 

72106.62 

368 

1156.11 

106361  .76 

304 

955.04 

72583.36 

369 

1159.25 

106940.60 

305 

958.  19 

73061.66 

370 

1162.39 

107521.01 

306 

961.33 

73541.54 

371 

1165.53 

108102.99 

307 

964.47 

74022.99 

372 

1168.67 

108686.54 

308 

967.61 

74506.01 

373 

1171.81 

109271.66 

309 

970.75 

74990.60 

374 

1174.96 

109858.35 

310 

973.89 

75476.76 

375 

1178.10 

110446.62 

311 

977.04 

75964.50 

376 

1181.24 

111036.45 

312 

980.18 

76453.80 

377 

1184.38 

111627.86 

313 

983.32 

76944.67 

378 

1187.52 

112220.83 

314 

986.46 

77437.12 

379 

1190.66 

112815.38 

315 

989.60 

77931.13 

380 

1193.81 

113411.49 

316 

992.74 

78426.72 

381 

1196.95 

114009.  18 

317 

995.88 

78923.88 

382 

1200.09 

114608.44 

318 

999.03 

79422.60 

383 

1203.23 

115209.27 

319 

1002.17 

79922.90 

384 

1206.37 

115811.67 

320 

1005.31 

80424.77 

385 

1209.51 

116415.64 

321 

1008.45 

80928.21 

386 

1212.65 

117021.18 

322 

1011.59 

81433.22 

387 

1215.80 

117628.30 

323 

1014.73 

81939.80 

388 

1218.94 

118236.98 

324 

1017.88 

82447.96 

389 

1222.08 

118847.24 

325 

1021.02 

82957.68 

390 

1225.22 

119459.06 

79 


Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


79 


CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES 

Diam. 

Circum- 

Area 

Diam. 

Circum- 

Area 

Inches 

ference. 

Sq.  Inches. 

Inches 

ference. 

Sq.  Inches. 

391 

1228.36 

120072.46 

456 

1432.57 

163312.55 

392 

1231.50 

120687.42 

457 

1435.71 

164029.62 

393 

1234.65 

121303.96 

458 

1438.85 

164748.26 

394 

1237.79 

121922.07 

459 

1441.99 

165468.47 

395 

1240.93 

122541.75 

460 

1445.13 

166190.25 

396 

1244.07 

123163.00 

461 

1448.27 

166913.60 

397 

1247.21 

123785.82 

462 

1451.42 

167638.53 

398 

1250.35 

124410.21 

463 

1454.56 

168365.02 

399 

1253.50 

125036.17 

464 

1457.70 

169093.08 

400 

1256.64 

125663.71 

465 

1460.84 

169822.72 

401 

1259.78 

126292.81 

466 

1463.98 

170553.92 

402 

1262.92 

126923.48 

467 

1467.12 

171286.70 

403 

1266.06 

127555.73 

468 

1470.27 

172021.05 

404 

1269.20 

128189.55 

469 

1473.41 

172756.97 

405 

1272.35 

128824.93 

470 

1476.55 

173494.45 

406 

1275.49 

129461.89 

471 

4179.69 

174233.51 

407 

1278.63 

130100.42 

472 

1482.83 

174974.14 

408 

1281.77 

130740.52 

473 

1485.97 

175716.35 

409 

1284.91 

131382.19 

474 

1489.11 

176460.12 

410 

1288.05 

132025.43 

475 

1492.26 

177205.46 

411 

1291.19 

132670.24 

476 

1495.40 

177952.37 

412 

1294.34 

133316.63 

477 

1498.54 

178700.86 

413 

1297.48 

133964.58 

478 

1501.68 

179450.91 

414 

1300.62 

134614.10 

479 

1504.82 

180202.54 

415 

1303.76 

135265.20 

480 

1507.96 

180955.74 

416 

1306.90 

135917.86 

481 

1511.11 

181710.50 

417 

1310.04 

136572.10 

482 

1514.25 

182466.84 

418 

1313.19 

137227.91 

483 

1517.39 

183224.75 

419 

1316.33 

137885.29 

484 

1520.53 

183984.23 

420 

1319.47 

138544.24 

485 

1523.67 

184745.28 

421 

1322.61 

139204.76 

486 

1526.81 

185507.90 

422 

1325.75 

139866.85 

487 

1529.96 

186272.10 

423 

1328.89 

140530.51 

488 

1533.10 

187037.86 

424 

1332.04 

141195.74 

489 

1536.24 

187805.19 

425 

1335.18 

141862.54 

490 

1539.38 

188574.10 

426 

1338.32 

142530.92 

491 

1542.52 

189344.57 

427 

1341.46 

143200.86 

492 

1545.66 

190116.62 

428 

1344.60 

143872.38 

493 

1548.81 

190890.24 

429 

1347.74 

144545.46 

494 

1551.95 

191665  43 

430 

1350.88 

145220.12 

495 

1555.09 

192442.18 

431 

1354.03 

145896.35 

496 

1558.23 

193220.51 

432 

1357.17 

146574.15 

497 

1561.37 

194000.41 

433 

1360.31 

147253.52 

498 

1564.51 

194781.89 

434 

1363.45 

147934.46 

499 

1567.65 

195564.93 

435 

1366.59 

148616.97 

500 

1570.80 

196349.54 

436 

1369.73 

149301.05 

501 

1573.94 

197135.72 

437 

1372.88 

149986.70 

502 

1577.08 

197923.48 

438 

1376.02 

150673.93 

503 

1580.22 

198712.80 

439 

1379.16 

151362.72 

504 

1583.36 

199503.70 

440 

1382.30 

152053.08 

505 

1586.50 

200296.17 

441 

1385.44 

152745.02 

506 

1589.65 

201090.20 

442 

1388.58 

153438.53 

507 

1592.79 

201885.81 

443 

1391.73 

154133.60 

508 

1595.93 

202682.99 

444 

1394.87 

154830.25 

509 

1599.07 

203481.74 

445 

1398.01 

155528.47 

510 

1602.21 

204282.06 

446 

1401.15 

156228.26 

511 

1605.35 

205083.95 

447 

1404.29 

156929.62 

512 

1608.50 

205887.42 

448 

1407.43 

157632.55 

513 

1611.64 

206692.45 

449 

1410.58 

158337.06 

514 

1614.78 

207499.05 

450 

1413.72 

159043.13 

515 

1617.92 

208307.23 

451 

1416.86 

159750.77 

516 

1621.06 

209116.97 

452 

1420.00 

160459.99 

517 

1624.20 

209928.29 

453 

1423.14 

161170.77 

518 

1627.34 

210741.18 

454 

1426.28 

161883.13 

519 

1630.49 

211555.63 

455 

1429.42 

162597.05 

520 

1633.63 

212371.66 

80 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


80 


CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES 

Diam. 

Circum- 

Area 

Diam. 

Circum- 

Area 

Inches. 

ference. 

Sq.  Inches. 

Inches. 

ference. 

Sq.  Inches. 

521 

1636.77 

213189.26 

586 

1840.97 

269702.59 

522 

1639.91 

214008.43 

587 

1844.11 

270623.86 

523 

1643.05 

214829.17 

588 

1847.26 

271546.70 

524 

1646.19 

215651.49 

589 

1850.40 

272471.12 

525 

1649.34 

216475.37 

590 

1853.54 

273397.10 

526 

1652.48 

217300.82 

591 

1856.68 

274324.66 

527 

1655.62 

218127.85 

592 

1859.82 

275253.78 

528 

1658.76 

218956.44 

593 

1862.96 

276184.48 

529 

1661.90 

219786.61 

594 

1866.11 

277116.75 

530 

1665.04 

220618.34 

595 

1869.25 

278050.58 

531 

1668.19 

221451.65 

596 

1872.39 

278985.99 

532 

1671.33 

222286.53 

597 

1875.53 

279922.97 

533 

1674.47 

223122.98 

598 

1878.67 

280861.52 

534 

1677.61 

223961.00 

599 

1881.81 

281801.65 

535 

1680.75 

224800.59 

600 

1884.96 

282743.34 

536 

1683.89 

225641.75 

601 

1888.10 

283686.60 

537 

1687.04 

226484.48 

602 

1891.24 

284631.44 

538 

1690.18 

227328.79 

603 

1894.38 

285577.84 

539 

1693.32 

228174.66 

604 

1897.52 

286525.82 

540 

1696.46 

229022.10 

605 

1900.66 

287475.36 

541 

1699.60 

229871.12 

606 

1903.81 

288426.48 

542 

1702.74 

230721.71 

607 

1906.95 

289379.17 

543 

1705.88 

231573.86 

608 

1910.09 

290333.43 

544 

1709.03 

232427.59 

609 

1913.23 

291289.26 

545 

1712.17 

233282.89 

610 

1916.37 

292246.66 

546 

1715.31 

234139.76 

611 

1919.51 

293205.63 

547 

1718.45 

234998.20 

612 

1922.65 

294166.17 

548 

1721.59 

235858.21 

613 

1925.80 

295128.28 

549 

1724.73 

236719.79 

614 

1928.94 

296091.97 

550 

1727.88 

237582.94 

615 

1932.08 

297057.22 

551 

1731.02 

238447.67 

616 

1935.22 

298024.05 

552 

1734.16 

239313.96 

617 

1938.36 

298992.44 

553 

1737.30 

240181.83 

618 

1941.50 

299962.41 

554 

1740.44 

241051.26 

619 

1944.65 

300933.95 

555 

1743.58 

241922.27 

620 

1947.79 

301907.05 

556 

1746.73 

242794.85 

621 

1950.93 

302881.73 

557 

1749.87 

243668.99 

622 

1954.07 

303857.98 

558 

1753.01 

244544.71 

623 

1957.21 

304835.80 

559 

1756.15 

245422.00 

624 

1960.35 

305815.20 

560 

1759.29 

246300.86 

625 

1963.50 

306796.16 

561 

1762.43 

247181.30 

626 

1966.64 

307778.69 

562 

1765.58 

248063.30 

627 

1969.78 

308762.79 

563 

1768.72 

248946.87 

628 

1972.92 

309748.47 

564 

1771.86 

249832.01 

629 

1976.06 

310735.71 

565 

1775.00 

250718.73 

630 

1979.20 

311724.53 

566 

1778.14 

251607.01 

631 

1982.35 

312714.92 

567 

1781.28 

252496.87 

632 

1985.49 

313706.88 

568 

1784.42 

253388.30 

633 

1988.63 

314700.40 

569 

1787.57 

254281.29 

634 

1991.77 

315695.50 

570 

1790.71 

255175.86 

635 

1994.91 

316692.17 

571 

1793.85 

256072.00 

636 

1998.05 

317690.42 

572 

1796.99 

256969.71 

637 

2001.19 

318690.23 

573 

1800.13 

257868.99 

638 

2004.34 

319691.61 

574 

1803.27 

258769.85 

639 

2007.48 

320694.56 

575 

1806.42 

259672.27 

640 

2010.62 

321699.09 

576 

1809.56 

260576.26 

641 

2013.76 

322705.18 

577 

1812.70 

261481.83 

642 

2016.90 

323712.85 

578 

1815.84 

262388.96 

643 

2020.04 

324722.09 

579 

1818.98 

263297.67 

644 

2023.19 

325732.89 

580 

1822.12 

264207.94 

645 

2026.33 

326745.27 

581 

1825.27 

265119.79 

646 

2029.47 

327759.22 

582 

1828.41 

266033.21 

647 

2012.61 

328774.74 

583 

1831.55 

266948.20 

648 

2035.75 

329791.83 

584 

1834.69 

267864.76 

649 

2038.89 

330810.49 

585 

1837.83 

268782.89 

650 

2042.04 

331830.72 

81 


Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


81 


CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES 

Diam. 

Circum- 

Area 

Diam. 

Circum- 

Area 

Inches 

ference. 

Sq.  Inches. 

Inches. 

ference 

Sq.  Inches. 

651 

2045.18 

332852.53 

716 

2249.38 

402639.08 

652 

2048.32 

333875.90 

717 

2252.52 

403764.56 

653 

2051.46 

334900.85 

718 

2255.66 

404891.60 

654 

2054.60 

335927.36 

719 

2258.81 

406020.22 

655 

2057.74 

336955.45 

720 

2261.95 

407150.41 

656 

2060.88 

337985.10 

721 

2265.09 

408282.17 

657 

2064.03 

339016.33 

722 

2268.23 

409415.50 

658 

2067.17 

340049.13 

723 

2271.37 

410550.40 

659 

2070.31 

341083.50 

724 

2274.51 

411686.87 

660 

2073.45 

342119.44 

725 

2277.65 

412824.91 

661 

2076.59 

343156.95 

726 

2280.80 

413964.52 

662 

2079.73 

344196.03 

727 

2283.94 

415105.71 

663 

2082.88 

345236.69 

728 

2287.08 

416248.46 

664 

2086.02 

346278.91 

729 

2290.22 

417392.79 

665 

2089.16 

347322.70 

730 

2293.36 

418538.68 

666 

2092.30 

348368.07 

731 

2296.50 

419686.15 

667 

2095.44 

349415.00 

732 

2299.65 

420835.19 

668 

2098.58 

350463.51 

733 

2302.79 

421985.79 

669 

2101.73 

351513.59 

734 

2305.93 

423137.97 

670 

2104.87 

352565.24 

735 

2309.07 

424291.72 

671 

2108.01 

353618.45 

736 

2312.21 

425447.04 

672 

2111.15 

354673.24 

737 

2315.35 

426603.94 

673 

2114.29 

355729.60 

738 

2318.50 

427762.40 

674 

2117.43 

356787.54 

739 

2321.64 

428922.43 

675 

2120.58 

357847.04 

740 

2324.78 

430084.03 

676 

2123.72 

358908.11 

741 

2327.92 

431247.21 

677 

2126.86 

359970.75 

742 

2331.06 

432411.95 

678 

2130.00 

361034.97 

743 

2334.20 

433578.27 

679 

2133.14 

362100.75 

744 

2337.34 

434746.16 

680 

2136.28 

363168.11 

745 

2340.49 

435915.62 

681 

2139.42 

364237.04 

746 

2343.63 

437086.64 

682 

2142.57 

365307.54 

747 

2346.77 

438259.24 

683 

2145.71 

366379.60 

748 

2349.91 

439433.41 

684 

2148.85 

367453.24 

749 

2353.05 

440609.16 

685 

2151.99 

368528.45 

750 

2356.19 

441786.47 

686 

2155.13 

369605.23 

751 

2359.34 

442965.35 

687 

2158.27 

370683.59 

752 

2362.48 

444145.80 

688 

2161.42 

371763.51 

753 

2365.62 

445327.83 

689 

2164.56 

372845.00 

754 

2368.76 

446511.42 

690 

2167.70 

373928.07 

755 

2371.90 

447696.59 

691 

2170.84 

375012.70 

756 

2375.04 

448883.32 

692 

2173.98 

376098.91 

757 

2378.19 

450071.63 

693 

2177.12 

377186.68 

758 

2381.33 

451261.51 

694 

2180.27 

378276.03 

759 

2384.47 

452452.96 

695 

2183.41 

379366.95 

760 

2387.61 

453645.98 

696 

2186.55 

380459.44 

761 

2390.75 

454840.57 

697 

2189.69 

381553.50 

762 

2393.89 

456036.73 

698 

2192.83 

382649.13 

763 

2397.04 

457234.46 

699 

2195.97 

383746.33 

764 

2400.18 

458433.77 

700 

2199.11 

384845.10 

765 

2403.32 

459634.64 

701 

2202.26 

385945.44 

766 

2406.46 

460837.08 

702 

2205.40 

387047.36 

767 

2409.60 

462041.  10 

703 

2208.54 

388150.84 

768 

2412.74 

463246.69 

704 

2211.68 

389255.90 

769 

2415.88 

464453.84 

705 

2214.82 

390362.52 

770 

2419.03 

465662.57 

706 

2217.96 

391470.72 

771 

2422.17 

466872.87 

707 

2221.11 

392580.49 

772 

2425.31 

468084.74 

708 

2224.25 

393691.82 

773 

2428.45 

469298.18 

709 

2227.39 

394804.73 

774 

2431.59 

470513.19 

710 

2230.53 

395919.21 

775 

2434.73 

471729.77 

711 

2233.67 

397035.26 

776 

2437.88 

472947.92 

712 

2236.81 

398152.89 

777 

2441.02 

474167.65 

713 

2239.96 

399272.08 

778 

2444.16 

475388.94 

714 

2243.10 

400392.84 

779 

2447.30 

476611.81 

715 

2246.24 

401515.18 

780 

2450.44 

477836.24 

82 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


82 


CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES 

Diam. 

Circum- 

Area 

Diam.   Circum-  i    Area 

Inches. 

ference. 

Sq.  Inches. 

Inches,  ference.   Sq.  Inches. 

781 

2453.58 

479062.25 

846 

2657.79 

562122.03 

782 

2456.73 

480289.83 

847 

2660.93 

563451.71 

783 

2459.87 

481518.97 

848 

2664.07 

564782.96 

784 

2463.01 

482749.69 

849 

2667.21 

566115.78 

785 

2466.15 

483981.98 

850 

2670.35 

567450.17 

786 

2469.29 

485215.84 

851 

2673.50 

568786.14 

787 

2472.43 

486451.28 

852 

2676.64 

570123.67 

788 

2475.58 

487688.28 

853 

2679.78   571462.77 

789 

2478.72   488926.85 

854 

2682.92    572803.45 

790 

2481.86   490166.99 

855 

2686.06   574145.69 

791 

2485.00 

491408.71 

856 

2689.20 

575489.51 

792 

2488.14 

492651.99 

857 

2692.34 

576834.90 

793 

2491.28 

493896.85 

858 

2695.49 

578181.85 

794 

2494.42 

495143.28 

859 

2698.63 

579530.38 

795 

2497.57 

496391.27 

860 

2701.77    580880.48 

796 

2500.71   497640.84 

861 

2704.91 

582232.15 

797 

2503.85   498891.98 

862 

2708.05 

583585.39 

798 

2506.99 

500144.69 

863 

2711.19   584940.20 

799 

2510.13 

501398.97 

864 

2714.34 

586296.59 

800 

2513.27 

502654.82 

865   2717.48 

587654.54 

801 

2516.42 

503912.25 

866   2720.62   589014.07 

802 

2519.56 

505171.24 

867    2723.76   590375.16 

803 

2522.70 

506431.80 

868   2726.90   591737.83 

804 

2525.84 

507693.94 

869   2730.04   593102.06 

805 

2528.98 

508957.64 

870  ;  2733.19   594467.87 

806 

2532.12 

510222.92 

871    2736.33   595835.25 

807 

2535.27 

511489.77 

872  i  2739.47    597204.20 

808 

2538.41 

512758.19 

873    2742.61    598574.72 

809 

2541.55 

514028.18 

874 

2745.75    599946.81 

810 

2544.69 

515299.74 

875 

2748.89  !  601320.47 

811 

2547.83 

516572.87 

876 

2752.04 

602695.70 

812 

2550.97 

517847.57 

877 

2755.18 

604072.50 

813 

2554.11 

519123.84 

878 

2758.32    605450.88 

814 

2557.26 

520401.68 

879 

2761.46 

606830.82 

815 

2560.40 

521681.10 

880 

2764.60 

608212.34 

816 

2563.54 

522962.08 

881 

2767.74 

609595.42 

817 

2566.68 

524244.63 

882 

2770.88 

610980.08 

818 

2569.82 

525528.76 

883 

2774.03 

612366.31 

819 

2572.96 

526814.46 

884 

2777.17 

613754.11 

820 

2576.11 

528101.73 

885 

2780.31 

615143.48 

821 

2579.25 

529390.56 

886 

2783.45 

616534.42 

822 

2582.39 

530680.97 

887 

2786.59 

617926.93 

823 

2585.53 

531972.95 

888 

2789.73 

619321.01 

821 

2588.67 

533266.50 

889 

2792.88 

620716.66 

825 

2591.81 

534561.62 

890 

2796.02 

622113.89 

826  |  2594.96 

535858.32 

891    2799.16 

623512.68 

827    2598.10 

537156.58 

892   2802.30 

624913.04 

828   2601.24 

538456.41 

893    2805.44 

626314.98 

829   2604.38 

539757.82 

894 

2808.58    627718.49 

830   2607.52 

541060.79 

895 

2811.73 

629123.56 

831 

2610.66 

542365.34 

896 

2814.87    630530.21 

832 

2613.81 

543671.46 

897 

2818.01 

631938.43 

833 

2616.95 

544979.15 

898 

2821.15 

633348.22 

834 

2620.09 

546288.40 

899 

2824.29 

634759.58 

835 

2623.23 

547599.23 

900 

2827.43 

636172.51 

836 

2626.37 

548911.63 

901 

2830.58 

637587.01 

837 

2629.51 

550225.61 

902 

2833.72 

639003.09 

838 

2632.65 

551541.15 

903 

2836.86 

640420.73 

839 

2635.80 

552858.26 

904 

2840.00 

641839.95 

840 

2638.94 

554176.94 

905 

2843.14 

643260.73 

841 

2642.08 

555497.20 

906 

2846.28 

644683.09 

842 

2645.22 

556819.02 

907 

2849.42 

646107.01 

843 

2648.36 

558142.42 

908 

2852.57 

647532.51 

844 

2651.50 

559467.39 

909 

2855.71 

648959.58 

845 

2654.65 

560793.92 

910 

2858.85 

650388.22 

83 


Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


83 


CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES 

Diam. 

Circum-            Area. 

Diam. 

Circum- 

Area. 

Inches,      ference.    1    Sq.  Inches. 

Inches.,     ference.       Sq.  Inches. 

911        2861.99        651818.43 

976        3066.19 

748151.44 

912        2865.13     '   653250.21 

977         3069.34 

749685.32 

913        2868.27 

654683.56 

97*        3072.48 

751220.78 

914     !   2871.42 

656118.48 

97«     1   3075.62     1   752757.80 

915     !  2874.56 

657554.98 

980     !   3078.76        754296.40 

916 

2877.70 

658993.04 

981        3081.90 

755836.56 

917 

2880.84 

660432.68 

982        3085.04 

757378.30 

918 

2883.98 

661873.88 

983        3088.19 

758921.61 

919 

2887.12        663316.66 

984        3091.33 

760466.48 

920        2890.27        664761.01 

985     1   3094.47 

762012.93 

921     j  2893.41        666206.92 

986     !  3097.61 

763560.95 

922     !  2896.55        667654.41 

987        3100.75 

765110.54 

923     !  2899.69        669103.47 

988        3103.89 

766661.70 

924        2902.83 

670554.10 

989        3107.04 

768214.44 

925     :   2905.97 

672006.30 

990        3110.18 

769768.74 

926     !   2909.11     i   673460.08 

991        3113.32 

771324.61 

927     j   2912.26        674915.42 

992        3116.46 

772882.06 

928     ;  2915.40     i  676372.33 

993        3119.60 

774441.07 

929     I  2918.54        677830.82 

994 

3122.74 

776001.66 

930        2921.68        679290.87 

995 

3125.88 

777563.82 

931        2924.82        680752.50 

996 

3129.03 

779127.54 

932        2927.96 

682215.69 

997 

3132.17 

780692.84 

933        2931.11 

683680.46 

998 

3135.31 

782259.71 

934        2934.25        685146.80 

999 

3138.45 

783828.15 

935     i   2937.39        686614.71 

1.000 

3141.59        785398.16 

936     !  2940.53        688084.19 

1.001 

3.1447 

.7870 

937 

2943.67        689555.24 

2 

3.1479 

.7885 

938 

2946.81 

691027.86 

3 

3.1510 

.7901 

939 

2949.96 

692502.05 

4 

3.1542 

.7917 

940 

2953.10 

693977.82 

5 

3.1573 

.7933 

941 

2956.24 

695455.15 

6 

3.1604 

.7948 

942 

2959.38        696934.06 

7 

3.1636 

.7964 

943 

2962.52 

698414.53 

8 

3.1668 

.7980 

944 

2965.66 

699896.58 

9 

3.1700 

.7996 

945 

2968.81 

701380.19 

1.010 

3.1731 

.8012 

946 

2971.95 

702865.38 

1 

3.1762 

.8027 

947 

2975.09 

704352.14 

2 

3.1794 

.8044 

948 

2978.23 

705840.47 

3 

3.1825 

.8059 

949 

2981.37 

707330.37 

4 

3.1857 

.8075 

950 

2984.51 

708821.84 

5 

3.1888 

.8091 

951 

2987.65 

710314.88 

6 

3.1920 

.8107 

952 

2990.80 

711809.50 

7 

3.1951 

.8123 

953 

2993.94 

713305.68 

8 

3.1982 

.8139 

954 

2997.08 

714803.43 

9 

3.2014 

.8155 

955 

3000.22 

716302.76 

1.020 

3.2045 

.8171 

956 

3003.36 

717803.66 

1 

3.2077 

.8187 

957 

3006.50 

719306.12 

2 

3.2108 

.8203 

958        3009.65 

720810.16 

3 

3.2139 

.8219 

959 

3012.79 

722315.77 

4 

3.2171 

.8235 

960 

3015.93 

723822.95 

5 

3.2202 

.8252 

961 

3019.07 

725331.70 

6 

3.2234 

.8268 

962 

3022.21 

726842.02 

7 

3.2265 

.8284 

963 

3025.35 

728353.91 

8 

3.2297, 

.8300 

964 

3028.50 

729867.37 

9 

3.2328 

.8316 

965 

3031.64 

731382.40 

1.030 

3.2359 

.8332 

966 

3034.78 

732899.01 

1 

3.2391 

.8349 

967 

3037.92 

734417.18 

2 

3.2422 

.8365 

968 

3041.06 

735936.93 

3 

3.2454 

.8381 

969 

3044.20 

737458.24 

4 

3.2485 

.8397 

970 

3047.34 

738981.13 

5 

3.2516 

.8413 

971 

3050.49 

740505.59 

6 

3.2548 

.8430 

972 

3053.63 

742031.62 

7 

3.2579 

.8446 

973 

3056.77 

743559.22 

8 

3.2611 

.8462 

974 

3059.91        745088.39 

9 

3.2642 

.8479 

975 

3063.05     !   746619.13 

1.040 

3.2674 

.8495 

84 


Bridgeport    Brass    Company 


CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES 

Diam. 

Circum-            Area 

Diam. 

Circum- 

Area 

Inches 

ference        Sq.  Inches 

Inches 

ference 

Sq.  Inches 

1.041 

3.2705 

.8511 

1.107 

3.4778 

.9625 

2 

3.2736 

.8528 

8 

3.4810 

.9642 

3 

3.2768 

.8544 

9 

3.4841 

.9660 

4 

3.2799 

.8560 

1.110 

3.4873               .9677 

5 

3.2831 

.8577 

1 

3.4904               .9694 

6 

3.2862 

.8593 

2 

3.4935 

.9712 

7 

3.2892 

.8609 

3 

3.4967 

.9729 

g 

3.2924 

.8626 

4 

3.4998 

.9747 

9 

3.2955 

.8643 

5 

3.5030 

.9764 

1.050 

3.2987 

.8659 

6 

3.5061 

.9782 

1 

3.3018 

.8676 

7 

3.5093 

.9799 

2 

3.3050 

.8692 

8 

3.5124 

.9817 

3 

3.3081 

.8709 

9 

3.5155 

.9834 

4 

3.3112 

.8725 

1.120 

3.5187 

.9852 

5 

3.3144 

.8742 

1 

3.5218 

.9870 

6 

3.3175 

.8758 

2 

3.5250 

.9887 

7 

3.3207 

.8775 

3 

3.5281 

.9905 

8 

3.3238 

.8792 

4 

3.5312 

.9923 

9 

3.3269 

.8808 

5 

3.5344 

.9940 

1.060 

3.3301 

.8825 

6 

3.5375 

.9958 

1 

3.3332 

.8841 

7 

3.5407 

.9976 

2 

3.3364 

.8858 

8 

3.5438 

.9993 

3 

3.3395 

.8875 

9 

3.5470     1        1.001 

4 

3.3427 

.8891 

1.130 

3.5501            1.003 

5 

3.3458 

.8908 

1 

3.5532     !        1.005 

6 

3.3489 

.8925 

2 

3.5564             1.006 

7 

3.3521 

.8942 

3 

3.5595             1.008 

8 

3.3552 

.8958 

4 

3.5627            1.010 

9 

3.3584 

.8975 

5 

3.5658              .012 

1.070 

3.3616 

.8992 

6 

3.5689               .014 

1 

3.3647 

.9009 

7 

3.5721               .015 

2 

3.3679 

.9026 

8 

3.5752     !          .017 

3 

3.3710 

.9043 

9 

3.5784     j          .019 

4 

3.3742 

.9059 

1.140 

3.5815               .021 

5 

3.3773 

.9076 

1 

3.5847 

.023 

6 

3.3805 

.9093 

2 

3.5878 

.024 

7 

3.3836 

.9110 

3 

3.5909               .026 

8 

3.3867 

.9127 

4 

3.5947               .028 

9 

3.3899 

.9144 

5 

3.5972               .030 

1.080 

3.3930 

.9161 

6 

3.6004               .032 

1 

3.3962 

.9178 

7 

3.6035     !          .033 

2 

3.3993 

.9195 

8 

3.6066               .035 

3        3.4024 

.9212 

9 

3.6098               .037 

4  !     3.4056 

.9229 

1.150 

3.6129               .039 

5        3.4087 

.9246 

1 

3.6161               .040 

6        3.4119 

.9263 

2 

3.6192               .042 

7 

3.4150 

.9280 

3 

3.6224 

.044 

8 

3.4182 

.9297 

4 

3.6255 

.046 

9        3.4213 

.9314 

5 

3.6286 

.048 

1.090        3.4244 

.9331 

6 

3.6318 

.050 

1        3.4276 

.9348 

7 

3.6349 

.051 

2        3.4307 

.9366 

8 

3.6381 

.053 

3        3.4339 

.9383 

9 

3.6412 

.055 

4       3.4370 

.9400 

1.160 

3.6443 

.057 

5        3.4401 

.9417 

1 

3.6475 

.059 

6  :     3.4433 

.9434 

2 

3.6506 

.060 

7  !     3.4464 

.9452 

3 

3.6538 

.062 

8 

3.4496 

.9469 

4 

3.6569 

.064 

9 

3.4527 

.9486 

5 

3.6601 

.066 

1.100 

3.4558 

.9503 

6 

3.6632 

.068 

1 

3.4570 

.9521 

3.6663 

.070 

2 

3.4621 

.9538 

8 

3.6695 

.071 

3 

3.4653 

.9555 

9 

3.6726 

.073 

4 

3.4684 

.9573 

1.170 

3.6758 

.075 

5 

3.4716 

.9590 

1 

3.6789 

.077 

6 

3.4747 

.9607 

2 

3.6820 

.079 

85 


Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


85 


CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES 

Diam. 

Circum- 

Area 

Diam. 

Circum- 

Area 

Inches 

ference 

Sq.  Inches 

Inches 

ference 

Sq.  Inches 

1.173 

3.6852 

1.081 

1.238 

3.8893 

1.204 

4 

3.6883 

.082 

9 

3.8924 

1.206 

5 

3.6915 

.084 

1.240 

3.8956 

1.208 

6 

3.6946 

.086 

1 

3.8987 

1.210 

7 

3.6978 

.088 

2 

3.9019 

1.212 

8 

3.7009 

.090 

3 

3.9050 

1.214 

9 

3.7040 

.092 

4 

3.9082 

1.215 

1.180 

3.7072 

.094 

5 

3.9113 

1.217 

1 

3.7103 

.095 

6 

3.9144 

1.219 

2 

3.7135 

.097 

7 

3.9176 

1.221 

3 

3.7165 

.099 

8 

3.9207 

1.223 

4 

3.7197 

.101 

9 

3.9239 

1.225 

5 

3.7229 

.103 

1.250 

3.9270 

1.227 

6 

3.7260 

.105 

1 

3.9301 

1.229 

7 

3.7292 

.107 

2 

3.9333 

1.231 

8 

3.7323 

.108 

3 

3.9364 

1.233 

9 

3.7354 

.110 

4 

3.9396 

1.235 

1.190 

3.7386 

.112 

5 

3.9427 

1.237 

1 

3.7417 

.114 

6 

3.9458 

1.239 

2 

3.7449 

.116 

7 

3.9490 

1.241 

3 

3.7480 

.118 

8 

3.9521 

1.243 

4 

3.7516 

.120 

9 

3.9553 

1.245 

5 

3.7543 

.122 

1.260 

3.9584 

1.247 

6 

3.7574 

.124 

1 

3.9615 

1.249 

7 

3.7606 

.125 

2 

3.9647 

1.251 

8 

3.7637 

.127 

3 

3.9678 

1.253 

9 

3.7669 

.129 

4 

3.9710 

1.255 

1.200 

3.7699 

.131 

5 

3.9741 

1.257 

1 

3.7731 

.134 

6 

3.9773 

1.259 

2 

3.7762 

.135 

7 

3.9804 

1.261 

3 

3.7793 

.137 

8 

3.9835 

1.263 

4 

3.7825 

.139 

9 

3.9867 

1.265 

5 

3.7856 

.140 

1.270 

3.9898 

1.267 

6 

3.7888 

.142 

1 

3.9930 

1.269 

7 

3.7919 

.144 

2 

3.9961 

1.271 

8 

3.7951 

.146 

3 

3.9993 

1.273 

9 

3.7982 

.148 

4 

4.0024 

1.275 

1.210 

3.8013 

.150 

5 

4.0055 

1.277 

1 

3.8045 

.152 

6 

4.0087 

1.279 

2 

3.8076 

.154 

7' 

4.0118 

1.281 

3 

3.8108 

.156 

8 

4.0150 

1.283 

4 

3.8139 

.158 

9 

4.0181 

1.285 

S 

3.8170 

.159 

1.280 

4.0212 

1.287 

6 

3.8202 

.161 

1 

4.0244 

1.289 

7 

3.8233 

.163 

2 

4.0275 

1.291 

8 

3.8265 

.165 

3 

4.0307 

1.293 

9 

3.8296 

.167 

4 

4.0338 

1.295 

1.220 

3.8328 

.169 

5 

4.0369 

1.297 

1 

3.8359 

.171 

6 

4.0401 

1.299 

2 

3.8390 

.173 

7 

4.0432 

1.301 

3 

3.8422 

.175 

8 

4.0464 

1.303 

4 

3.8453 

.177 

9 

4.0495 

1.305 

5 

3.8485 

.179 

1.290 

4.0527     ' 

1.307 

6 

3.8516 

.181 

1 

4.0558 

1.309 

7 

3.8547 

.182 

2 

4.0589 

1.311 

8 

3.8579 

.184 

3 

4.0621 

1.313 

9 

3.8610 

.186 

4 

4.0652 

1.315 

1.230 

3.8642 

.188 

5 

4.0684 

1.317 

1 

3.8673 

.190 

6 

4.0715 

1.319 

2 

3.8705 

.192 

7 

4.0747 

1.321 

3 

3.8736 

.194 

8 

4.0778 

1.323 

4 

3.8767 

.196 

9 

4.0809 

1.325 

5 

3.8799 

.198 

1.300 

4.0841 

1.327 

6 

3.8830 

.200 

1 

4.0872 

1.329 

7 

3.8862 

.202 

2 

4.0904 

1.332 

86                Bridgeport    Brass    Company                86 

CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES 

Diam. 

Circum- 

Area 

Diam. 

Circum- 

Area 

Inches 

ference 

Sq.  Inches 

Inches 

ference 

Sq.  Inches 

1.303 

4.0935 

1.334 

1.352 

4.2474 

1.436 

4 

4.0966 

1.335 

3 

4.2506 

1.438 

5 

4.0998 

.337 

4 

4.2537 

1.440 

6 

4.1029 

.340 

5 

4.2569 

1.442 

7 

4.1061 

.342 

6 

4.2600 

1.444 

8 

4.1092 

.344 

7 

4.2632 

1.446 

9 

4.1124 

.364 

8 

4.2663 

1.448 

1.310 

4.1155 

.348 

9  I     4.2694 

.451 

1 

4.1186 

.350 

1.360        4.2726 

.453 

2 

4.1218 

.352 

1        4.2757 

.455 

3 

4.1249 

.354 

2        4.2789 

.457 

4 

4.1281 

.356 

3        4.2820 

.459 

5 

4.1312 

.358 

4        4.2851 

.461 

6 

4.1343 

.360 

5        4.2883 

.463 

7       4.1375 

.362 

6        4.2914 

.466 

8       4.1406 

.364 

7        4.2946 

.468 

9 

4.1438 

.366 

8        4.2977 

.470 

1.320 

4.1469 

.368 

9        4.3009 

.472 

1 

4.1501 

.371 

1.370 

4.3040 

.474 

2 

4.1532 

.373 

1 

4.3071 

.476 

3 

4.1563 

.375 

2 

4.3103 

.478 

4 

4.1595 

.377 

3 

4.3134 

.481 

5 

4.1626 

.379 

4 

4.3166 

.483 

6 

4.1658 

.381 

5 

4.3197 

.485 

7 

4.1689 

.383 

6 

4.3228 

.487 

8 

4.1720 

.385 

7 

4.3260 

.489 

9 

4.1752 

.387 

8 

4.3291 

.491 

1.330 

4.1783 

.389 

9 

4.3323 

.493 

1 

4.1815 

.391 

1.380 

4.3354 

.496 

2 

4.1846 

.394 

1 

4.3385 

.498 

3 

4.1878 

.396 

2 

4.3417 

.500 

4 

4.1909 

.398 

3 

4.3448 

.502 

5 

4.1940 

.400 

4 

4.3480 

.504 

6 

4.1972 

.402 

5 

4.3511 

.507 

7 

4.2003 

.404 

6 

4.3543 

.509 

8 

4.2035 

.406 

7 

4.3574 

.511 

9 

4.2066 

.408 

8 

4.3605 

.513 

1.340 

4.2097 

.410 

9 

4.3637 

.515 

1 

4.2129 

.412 

1.390 

4.3668 

.517 

2 

4.2160 

.415 

1 

4.3670 

.520 

3 

4.2192 

.417 

2 

4.3731 

.522 

4 

4.2223 

.419 

3 

4.3762 

.524 

5 

4.2255 

.421 

4 

4.3794 

.526 

6 

4.2286 

.423 

5 

4.3825 

.528 

7 

4.2317 

.425 

6 

4.3857 

.531 

8        4.2349 

.427 

7 

4.3888 

.533 

9        4.2380 

.429 

8 

4.3920 

.535 

1.350        4.2412 

.431 

9 

4.3951 

.537 

1 

4.2443 

.434 

1.400 

4.3982 

.539 

Mensuration  of  Solid  Cylinders,  Cones,  Etc. 

Cylinder  =  Area  of  one  end  X  length. 

Sphere  =  Diameter  3X  0.5236. 

Segment  of  Sphere  =  0.5236  H  (H»  +  3  R*).  where  H  =  height  of 

segment  and  R  =  radius  of  the  base  of  the  segment. 

Cone  or  Pyramid  =  Area  of  base  X  i  perpendicular  height. 

Frustum  =  i  H  (A  +  a  +  V  A  X  a).    When  A  and  a  =  Areas  of 

the  ends,  H  =  Perpendicular  height. 

Frustum  of  Cone  =  0.2618  H  (D«  +  </*  +  D.d).     When  D  and  d 

=  the  diameters  of  each  end,  H  =  Perpendicular  height. 

Wedge  =  Area  of  base  X  £  perpendicular  height. 
Frustum  of  Wedge  =  $  H  (A  -f  a)  ,  when  A  and  a  =  Area  at  each 

end,  H  =  Perpendicular  height. 

87  Bridgeport,      Connecticut  87 


RULES  FOR  CALCULATING  AREAS,  CIRCUM- 
FERENCE, ETC.  OF  CIRCLES,  HEXAGONS  AND 
OCTAGONS. 

To  Find  the  Area : 

Multiply  sq.  of  radius  by 3.1416    Log.  =  0.49715 

Or   "  "     diameter  by 0.7854      "     =1.89509 

"     "  "     circumference  by 0.07958     "      =2.90079 

To  Find  the  Circumference: 

Multiply  radius  by 6.2832    Log.  =  0.79818 

Or"        diameterby 3.1416      "      =0.49715 

"     "        square  root  of  the  area  by 3.5449       "      =0.54960 

To  Find  the  Diameter: 

Multiply  radius  by 2.00000  Log.  =  0.30103 

Or"        circumference  by 0.31831     "      =1.50285 

"     "        square  root  of  the  area  by 1.1284      "       =0.05246 

To  Find  the  Radius : 

Multiply  diameter  by 50000  Log.  =  1.69897 

Or   "        circumference  by 15915     "      =1.20183 

"     "        square  root  of  the  area  by 56419     "      =1.75143 

To  Find  Side  of  an  Inscribed  Square : 

Multiply  diameter  by 0.7071 

Or   "        circumference  by 0.2251 

"     divide  circumference  by 4.4428 

To  Find  Side  of  an  Equal  Square  : 

Multiply  diameter  by 0.8862 

Or  divide  diameter  by 1.1284 

"  multiply  circumference  by 0.2821 

"  divide  circumference  by 3.545 


To  Find  the  Area  of  a  Hexagon: 

Multiply  the  square  of  the  distance  across  by ..   0.86603  Log.  =  1.93753 
Or   "        the  area  of  the  inscribed  circle  by 1.1027       "      =0.04244 

To  Find  the  Area  of  an  Octagon: 

Multiply  the  square  of  the  distance  across  by.  .   0.82843  Log.  =  1.91825 
Or    "        the  area  of  the  inscribed  circle  by. ...    1.0548       "     =0.02316 


88  Bridgeport    Brass    Company  88 

THE   REAL   CAUSE   OF   UNUSUAL   CORROSION  OF 
CONDENSER   TUBES 

Reports   of  Experts    Showing    that    Corrosion    is   Due    to 

Electrolytic  Action,  Caused  by  Intake  of  Cinders 

and  Other  Foreign  Substances 

J^/JARINE  ENGINEERS  and  Engineers  of  Tide 
Water  Power  Stations  will  be  interested  in 
the  following  summary  of  the  reports  of  various 
investigators  of  causes  of  corrosion  of  condenser 
tubes.  These  experts,  without  exception,  point  to 
intake  conditions  as  the  source  of  this  corrosion. 

Prof.  A.  Humbolt  Sexton  of  the  University  of 
Glasgow,  writing  in  the  Engineering  Magazine  of 
November,  1905,  states: 

"The  corrosion  of  condenser  tubes  is  one  of  the  difficulties 
which  the  marine  engineer  has  constantly  before  his  mind,  for 
not  only  do  the  failures  thus  caused  give  him  endless  trouble, 
and  put  him  to  considerable  expense,  but  the  corrosion  takes 
place  in  so  many  ways  and  seems  to  be  so  erratic  that  it  is 
almost  impossible  to  guard  against  it,  and  in  the  minds  of 
many  engineers  that  is  a  feeling  of  uncertainty  and  insecurity 
which  is  far  from  pleasant. 

"The  question,  however,  remains  to  be  answered: 

"Why  is  the  action  so  much  more  rapid  in  some  cases  than 
in  others?  Why  is  it  that  whilst  in  some  cases  condenser 
tubes  will  last  ten  years  or  more,  in  others  they  fail  in  a  few 
months,  or  occasionally  even  in  a  few  weeks? 

"Obviously  the  fault — if  fault  there  be — or  at  any  rate  the 
reason  must  be  in  one  of  two  places.  It  must  either  be  due 
to  something  in  the  nature  of  the  tubes  themselves,  or  to 
the  conditions  under  which  they  have  been  worked.  There 
is  no  alternative  unless  we  assume  some  occult  cause  to 
explain  the  apparently  erratic  behaviour.  Each  view  has 
its  advocates,  the  former  being  favored  as  a  rule  by  engineers 
who  use  the  tubes,  but  who  are  not  familiar  with  the  processes 
of  manufacture  while  the  latter  is  the  view  taken  by  the 
manufacturers.  I  hold  no  brief  for  either  side;  I  have  in- 
vestigated the  matter  as  fully  as  I  have  been  able,  both  in 
the  laboratory  and  by  practical  examination  of  cases  of  failure, 
and  I  am  quite  familiar  with  the  methods  by  which  the  tubes 


89  Bridgeport,      Connecticut  89 

are  made,  and  the  processes  through  which  they  pass  before 
reaching  the  engineer  who  will  use  them. 

"I  feel  quite  certain  that  the  cause  of  variation  in  the 
durability  of  condenser  tubes  is  not  to  be  found  in  the  chemical 
composition  or  physical  structure  of  the  metal,  nor  in  any 
variation  in  the  process  of  manufacture,  nor  in  anything  con- 
nected with  the  tubes;  indeed  the  tube-maker,  while  keeping 
to  the  specific  composition  and  passing  the  tubes  through  the 
usual  tests  for  soundness,  could  not,  if  he  tried,  turn  out  a 
tube  specially  liable  to  corrosion.  This  is,  of  course,  not  the 
usual  opinion  of  engineers.  They  say :  '  Here  are  two  steamers 
working  under  exactly  similar  conditions,  and  whilst  in  one 
the  tubes  have  stood  well,  in  the  other  they  have  corroded 
very  rapidly;  therefore  the  reason  must  be  in  the  quality  of 
the  tubes.'  This  dilemma  may,  however,  be  put  in  another 
way.  Here  are  two  steamers  fitted  with  exactly  similar  tubes 
selected  haphazard  out  of  one  large  parcel.  In  the  one 
steamer  the  tubes  have  stood  well,  whilst  in  the  other  they 
have  corroded  rapidly,  therefore  there  must  be  a  difference 
in  the  conditions  of  working.  The  latter  is  certainly  the  cor- 
rect view,  for  there  are  so  many  possible  variations  in  the 
conditions  of  working  that  it  is  impossible  to  decide  when 
these  are  uniform. 

"I  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  rapid  and  irregular 
corrosion  as  distinguished  from  that  due  to  normal  action  of 
sea  water,  is  almost  invariably  due  to  the  electrolytic  action 
set  up  by  the  contact  of  particles  of  substances  electro- 
negative to  the  brass,  probably  in  most  cases  carbon.  As  to 
the  cure  for  irregular  corrosion  there  is  none, — at  any  rate 
after  it  has  made  progress,  but  like  many  diseases  if  it  can't 
be  cured,  it  can  be  prevented,  and  I  am  strongly  of  the  opinion 
that  it  is  always  preventable." 

The  same  author  in  his  recent  work,  "The  Cor- 
rosion and  Protection  of  Metals,"  further  says: 

"From  what  has  been  said  on  the  action  of  sea  water  on 
brass,  it  is  quite  evident  that  all  condenser  tubes  must  be 
corroded  in  time,  and  that  the  corrosion  will  always  in  the 
first  instance  be  de-zincification,  but  whether  the  spongy 
copper  left  will  remain  in  the  tube  or  whether  it  will  be  removed 
will  depend  upon  the  eroding  power  of  the  water. 

'"The  formation  of  the  holes  in  a  condenser  tube  at  once 
suggests  local  electro-chemical  action.  It  is  quite  certain  that 
it  is  not  due  to  anything  in  the  brass.  Brass  condenser  tubes 


90  Bridgeport    Brass    Company  90 

are  of  uniform  composition,  and  even  if  they  were  not,  slight 
variations  in  the  percentage  of  copper  in  places  would  not 
set  up  electrolytic  action.  Nor  are  there  any  impurities 
present  that  could  have  this  effect.  A  very  large  number  of 
samples  of  condenser  tubes,  both  those  which  have  stood 
well,  and  those  which  have  failed  quickly,  have  been  ex- 
amined, but  in  no  case  has  any  foreign  matter  been  found. 
Owing  to  the  severity  of  the  mechanical  process  of  drawing, 
only  comparatively  pure  metals  can  be  used. 

"If  the  corrosion  is  not  due  to  the  metal  it  must  be  caused 
by  something  external  to  the  tube,  and  the  author  is  con- 
vinced that  this  is  always  the  case,  though  he  knows  that 
this  is  not  the  opinion  of  many  marine  engineers.  The 
blame  being  laid  on  the  metals  seems  to  be  due  to  two  causes: 
(1)  that  it  is  easier  to  blame  someone  else;  and  (2)  that  the 
causes  of  corrosion  are  so  obscure  that  it  is  very  difficult  to 
trace  them.  Two  steamers  may  be  working  under  apparently 
similar  conditions,  yet  in  one  the  tubes  last  well,  and  in  the 
other  they  fail  rapidly,  and  therefore  it  is  natural  to  think 
that  the  metal  is  at  fault.  Against  this  may  be  put  the 
similar  fact  that  tubes  of  exactly  the  same  composition  and 
make  may  be  supplied  to  two  steamers;  in  one  they  may  stand 
well,  and  in  the  other  they  may  fail  rapidly. 

"As  a  matter  of  fact,  there  are  so  many  possible  differences 
in  the  conditions  of  working,  depending  on  the  character  of 
the  water  used  and  the  care  which  the  engineer  takes  of  his 
condenser,  that  one  can  never  say  for  certain  that  the  con- 
ditions under  which  the  tubes  have  been  placed  in  two  steam- 
ers are  the  same. 

"The  rapid  and  irregular  corrosion  of  the  tubes  seems  to  be 
always  due  to  the  pressure  of  some  foreign  substance  which 
can  set  up  electrolytic  action,  and  thus  lead  to  local  corrosion. 

"It  has  been  suggested  that  the  cause  may  be  fragments 
of  copper  scale  left  inside  the  tubes  by  the  maker.  This, 
however,  is  certainly  not  the  case,  for  copper  scale  does  not 
set  up  action  on  brass. 

"The  most  likely  substance  is  carbon,  which,  in  any  form, 
rapidly  starts  corrosion.  Cinders  may  easily  be  drawn  in  to 
the  condensers.  On  such  a  river  as  the  Clyde,  cinders,  char- 
coal, and  other  materials  are  very  common,  and  may  easily 
be  drawn  in  with  the  feed  water.  In  one  case,  indeed,  a 
cinder  was  actually  found  embedded  in  a  condenser  tube. 
Very  frequently  ashes  are  discharged  in  such  a  way  that 
they  can  be  drawn  into  the  condenser. 


91  Bridgeport,      Connecticut  91 

"It  is,  of  course,  impossible  to  protect  condenser  tubes  by 
any  internal  coating  and  the  only  method  of  minimizing 
corrosion  is  to  work  the  condenser  under  the  best  possible 
conditions. 

"If  these  conditions  were  always  attended  to,  there  would 
be  fewer  cases  of  mysterious  corrosion." 

Prof.  Sexton's  recommendations  for  the  preven- 
tion of  trouble  of  this  character  are  as  follows : 

1st. — The  corrosion  from  the  presence  of  solid  particles 
can  take  place  only  if  such  particles  are  allowed  to  rest  in 
the  tubes.  If  the  current  be  strong,  therefore,  corrosion  is 
little  likely  to  take  place,  while  if  it  be  sluggish,  corrosion 
is  very  probable.  Should  a  tube  become  partially  stopped 
for  any  reason,  ,that  tube  is  specially  liable  to  corrosion. 
Sluggish  circulation  is  a  very  common  cause  of  corrosion. 

2nd. — The  tube  must  be  frequently  cleaned,  so  that  any 
deposit  which  is  formed  may  be  removed.  This  is  of  special 
importance  in  steamers  running  in  foul  rivers  which  may 
readily  pick  up  substances  which  may  cause  adhesion  of 
objectionable  material.  As  has  been  pointed  out,  tubes  that 
had  corroded  badly  are  almost  always  characterized  by  the 
presence  of  a  heavy  deposit. 

3rd. — The  tubes  should  never  be  left  full  of  water  when  the 
steamer  is  at  rest,  but  should  be  run  dry  and  perfectly  washed 
out  with  clean  water  as  soon  as  the  day's  work  is  done. 
This,  too,  is  of  special  importance  in  steamers  running  on 
foul  rivers  when  objectionable  material  may  be  drawn  in, 
which  during  the  period  of  rest  will  settle  to  the  bottom  of  the 
tube  and  form  a  lodgment  from  which  it  will  not  be  displaced 
when  work  is  resumed,  and  so  corrosion  may  set  up,  and 
once  started  it  will  go  on  rapidly  under  the  deposit  formed." 

Sir  Gerard  Muntz,  the  celebrated  member  of 
the  well-known  firm  of  Great  Britain  in  a  discus- 
sion before  the  Institute  of  Metals,  Volume  No.  2, 
1909,  states: 

"As  to  the  nature  of  the  deposits  found  in  the  tubes  it 
was  ninety-nine  times  out  of  a  hundred  something  which  had 
been  brought  in,  and  not  anything  from  the  tubes  themselves. 
It  was  generally  matter  which  had  been  brought  in  by  the 
circulation  water. 


92  Bridgeport    Brass    Company  92 

"Many  cases  of  corrosion  were  the  result  of  the  flow  of 
the  circulating  water  being  too  slow  to  scour  away  the  de- 
posits which  were  thus  allowed  to  remain  in  contact  with 
the  surface  of  the  tube.  Another  cause  of  corrosion  was  the 
decomposition  of  air  and  gases.  This  might  result  from  too 
slow  a  flow  in  the  circulation,  and  the  consequent  overheating 
of  the  water,  or  it  might  be  caused  by  misplacement,  or  mal- 
formation, of  the  water  intake,  whereby  the  introduction  of 
an  excessive  quantity  of  free  air  was  brought  about.  He  had 
met  with  cases  of  this  nature  where,  after  several  sets  of 
tubes  had  failed,  an  alteration  of  the  intake  had  been  made 
and  the  trouble  had  altogether  ceased.  Of  course  in  such 
a  case  they  always  blamed  the  manufacturer.  He  remem- 
bered a  case  in  which  they  had  frequent  complaints  until  the 
Engineer,  having  made  a  little  examination  of  the  tubes, 
thought  he  would  try  making  a  change  in  the  intake.  The 
whole  trouble  then  disappeared.  It  had  occurred  inside 
eighteen  months  and  since  then  the  condensers  had  been 
running  without  complaint  for  several  years." 

"Corrosion  was  often  due  to  concentration  and  evolution 
of  gas  owing  to  roughness  and  obstruction." 

Mr.  Weston  of  the  English  Admiralty  in  a  dis- 
cussion before  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers 
in  1903  said  regarding  the  corrosion  of  condenser 
tubes : 

"The  Admiralty  found  it  was  purely  local,  and  only  took 
place  occasionally.  Mr.  Weston  thought  it  was  due  to  an 
accretion  of  matter  in  the  tubes,  which  retained  the  moisture 
and  set  up  minute  electro-chemical  action  which  gradually 
pierced  the  tubes  without  any  reduction  in  size  outside  the 
perforated  spots." 

Mr.  Tomlinson  of  the  Broughton  Copper  Com- 
pany, in  a  discussion  before  the  Institution  of 
Civil  Engineers  in  1903,  said: 

"Referring  to  condenser  tubes,  sea-going  engineers  thought 
nothing  of  having  a  few  tubes  give  out  occasionally.  The 
trouble  arose  when  a  number  of  tubes  gave  out  almost  simul- 
taneously, which  he  thought  showed  fairly  conclusively,  as 
was  often  borne  out  by  chemical  analysis,  that  the  fault  did 
not  lie  with  the  metal,  but  with  the  conditions  of  use." 


93  Bridgeport,      Connecticut  93 

Again : 

"In  the  laboratory  a  sample  of  any  brass  tube  could  be 
pitted  through  in  the  course  of  a  few  hours  or  a  day  with  a 
current  of  .5  amperes,  using  an  electrolyte  containing  only 
compounds  of  sodium,  chlorine,  and  iron  with  water,  all  of 
which  were  sometimes  found  in  the  condensers  of  a  ship.  He 
submitted  a  small  sample  of  tube  which  a  pit-hole  had  been 
made  through  in  a  few  hours." 

"A  set  of  condenser  tubes  might  last  from  ten  to  twenty 
years;  but  under  bad  conditions  would  fail  in  as  many  weeks." 

To  show  Vhat  effect  stray  currents  may  have  we  quote 
Mr.  A.  Sinclair  of  Swansea,  in  a  discussion  of  Mr.  E.  L. 
Rhead's  paper  on  ' '  Notes  on  Some  Probable  Causes  of  the 
Corrosion  of  Copper  and  Brass,  Institute  of  Metals,  1909, 
Volume  II. 

"One  case  is  of  special  interest,  as  it  may  afford  a  clue 
to  the  cause  producing  the  perforations.  An  electric  lighting 
station,  also  generating  current  for  tramway  purposes,  had 
two  identically  similar  engines,  one  driving  an  alternator, 
the  other  a  continuous  current  generator.  In  the  alternating 
set  no  trouble  has  been  experienced,  whilst  in  the  other  the 
condenser  tubes  have  been  repeatedly  broken  down." 

Sir  William  A.  Tilden,  F.R.S.,  in  a  discussion 
following  the  reading  of  the  Report  of  the  Corrosion 
Committee  of  the  Institute  of  Metals : 

"He  thought  that  a  good  deal  of  mischief  was  done  to 
condenser  tubes  while  vessels  were  in  port  and  the  tubes 
empty,  i.  e.,  when  they  were  lying  with  a  little  water  extending 
along  the  bottom  and  the  air  had  free  access." 

Mr.  A.  E.  Seaton,  Member  of  Council 

(at  same  meeting) 

"He  had  never  known  a  case  where  the  plates  were  of  cast 
iron,  that  the  tubes  had  pitted.  The  practice  of  fitting  the 
tubes  into  tube  plates  with  wooden  ferrules,  and  so  insulating 
them,  may  have  had  some  effect  on  their  preservation.  It 
is  true  the  iron  tube  plates  become  soft,  like  a  piece  of 
plumbago.  The  most  severe  case  of  pitting,  that  he  could 
recall,  occurred  in  a  mill  at  Grimsby,  where  the  circulating 
water  was  sea  water  obtained  from  a  dead  portion  of  the  dock; 
the  water  was  therefore  stagnant  sea  water.  When  the  owner 
of  the  mill  spoke  about  it,  Mr.  Seaton  told  him  he  thought 
he  could  supply  him  with  a  set  of  tubes  that  would  be  satis- 
factory. He  thereupon  deliberately  took  some  old  tubes 
that  had  been  in  use  in  a  ship  for  about  ten  or  fifteen  years 


94  Bridgeport    Brass    Company  94 

and  were  still  perfectly  good.  He  thought  that  if  the  tubes 
had  stood  that  service  so  long  they  would  keep  good  at  the 
mill.  To  be  quite  sure,  however,  he  had  the  tubes  retinned. 
"  Much  to  his  chagrin,  they  did  not  last  much  longer  than  those 
previously  used,  so  that  he  gave  up  that  mill  in  despair. 
He  now  had  no  doubt  that  it  was  the  stagnant  sea  water 
that  caused  the  severe  action  on  the  tubes. 

Mr.  Arnold  Philip,  B.Sc.,  Admiralty  Chemist 
(at  the  same  meeting) 

In  one  instance  that  had  come  to  his  attention,  a  con- 
denser had  broken  down  seriously,  the  tubes  had  been  removed 
and  a  statistical  examination  of  them  had  been  made.  The 
tubes  were  marked  before  they  were  removed  from  the 
condenser,  to  show  which  was  the  bottom  and  which  was  the 
top.  In  90  per  cent,  of  the  corroded  tubes  it  was  found  that 
the  corrosion  was  along  a  line  on  the  inside  bottom  surface. 

One  point  came  out  very  strongly  in  the  paper  by  Admiral 
Corner,  namely:  that  a  real  protective  effect  was  produced, 
by  the  presence  of  iron.  For  instance,  in  a  steel  cased 
condenser  no  trouble  was  experienced  from  corrosion  of  the 
brass  tubes,  and  when  steel  doors  were  put  on  to  another 
condenser  the  same  was  found  to  be  the  case.  This  struck 
him  as  being  very  valuable  evidence,  still  further  accentuated 
by  the  fact  that  directly  the  steel  casing  in  the  first  example 
was  coated  with  lead  paint  the  protection  disappeared  and 
corrosion  troubles  began." 

Mr.  F.Johnson,  M.Sc.,  Swansea,  (at  same  meeting) 
He  strongly  supported  the  views  of  Sir.  G.  Muntz  and 
the  author  as  to  the  casting  of  brass  for  condenser  tubes. 
With  ordinarily  careful  alloying  in  the  casting  shop,  not  the 
slightest  variation  in  composition  should  result.  Other 
causes  might  possibly  contribute  to  variations  in  the  com- 
position of  a  casting,  e.  g.  incomplete  removal  of  dross, 
unduly  prolonged  or  accidentally  intermittent  pouring. 
In  such  cases,  however,  the  casting  would  probably  fail  in 
the  subsequent  drawing  operations — an  almost  infallible 
test.  If  tubes  had  withstood  the  severe  treatment  imposed 
by  the  modern  drawbench,  one  might  safely  assume  that  the 
caster  had  performed  his  share  of  the  work  satisfactorily 
in  so  far  as  mixing  and  clean  pouring  was  concerned. 

It  is  a  well  established  fact  that  engineers  who 
have  observed  the  precautions  suggested  by  these 
investigations  have  had  comparatively  little 
trouble  from  the  corrosion  of  condenser  tubes. 


95  Bridgeport,      Connecticut  95 

The  exacting  conditions  under  which' 'Bridgeport'* 
tubing  is  made,  and  its  invariable  homogeneity, 
preclude  the  possibility  of  unusual  corrosion. 
Such  corrosion  must  be  due  to  conditions  of 
intake  or  other  causes  as  described. 

The  result  of  the  foregoing  investigations  con- 
firm the  findings  of  our  own  metallurgists  and 
engineers.  We  have  yet  to  find  a  single  case  in 
which  corrosion  could  be  traced  to  defects  of  any 
kind  in  tubing  made  by  the  Bridgeport  Brass  Company. 

Have  you  ever  had  Condenser  Tubes  Crack  ? 

Condenser  Tubes  made  under  "Bridgeport"  speci- 
fications will  not  crack. 

During  the  past  fifteen  years — the  period  of  our 
largest  production — we  have  not  received  a  single 
complaint  of  the  cracking  of  any  tube  made  under 
"Bridgeport"  specifications. 


Data  References : 

The  Corrosion  and  Protection  of  Metals. — Prof.  A.  Hum- 
bolt  Sexton. 

Corrosion  of  Pipes  on  Ship-board. — A.  W.  Stewart,  Institute 
of  Naval  Architecture,  4-3-  03. 

Corrosion  of  Condenser  Tubes. — -A  Humbolt  Sexton, 
Eng.  Magazine,  May,  1905. 

Corrosion  of  Pipes  and  Sheets,  Influence  of  Sea  Water  on 
Copper  and  Copper  Alloys. — H.  Dingal. 

Corrosion  of  Condenser  Tubes. — -Jas.  F.  Hobart,  Penna.  '02, 

The  Decay  of  Metals.— Milton  &  Larke,  Institution  of 
Civil  Eng.  1903. 

Sir  Gerard  Muntz.— Page  No.  88,  Vol.  II,  Institute  of 
Metals. 

W.  W.  Churchill. — American  Association  for  the  Advance- 
ment of  Science. 

Engineer-in-Chief  Isherwood,  U.  S.  N.  Retired. — Journal  of 
|        American  Society  of  Naval  Engineers. 

Mr.  Weston,  of  the  British  Admiralty,  Discussed  before 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  1903. 


96  Bridgeport    Brass    Company  96 

Mr.  Tomlinson,  of  the  Broughton  Copper  Company,  Dis- 
cussion before  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers,  1903. 

Mr.  E.  L.  Rhead,  F.  I.  C.  Notes  on  Some  Probable  Causes 
for  Corrosion  of  Copper  and  Brass,  Vol.  II,  Institute 
of  Metals. 

Failure  in  Practice  of  Non-Ferrous  Metals  and  Alloys. — 
T.  Vaughan  Hughes,  Institute  of  Metals,  1910. 

A  Report  to  the  Corrosion  Committee. — Institute  of 
Metals,  Guy  D.  Bengongh,  M.A.,  1911. 

Contribution  to  the  History  of  Corrosion. — Arnold  Philip, 
B.Sc.,  Institute  of  Metals,  1912. 

Some  Practical  Experiences  with  Corrosion  of  Metals. — 
Engineer  Rear  Admiral  John  T.  Corner,  C.B.,  Insti- 
tute of  Metals,  1911. 


Bridgeport     Brass     Company 

Bridgeport,      Connecticut 


97  Bridgeport,      Connecticut  97 


Memoranda 


98  Bridgeport    Brass    Company  98 


Memoranda 


99  Bridgeport,      Connecticut  99 


Memoranda 


100  Bridgeport    Brass    Company  100 

Memoranda 


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